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6, 9 and 7 en% saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) respectively for 3 months. IR was induced by replacing starch (ST) with sucrose (SU). Blends of groundnut, palmolein, and linseed oil in different proportions furnished the following levels of 18:3 n-3 (g/100 g diet) and 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 ratios respectively: ST-220 (0.014, 220), SU-220 (0.014, 220), SU-50 (0.06, 50), SU-10 (0.27, 10) and SU-2 (1.1, 2). The results showed IR in the sucrose fed group (SU-220) as evidenced by increase in fasting plasma insulin and area under the curve (AUC) of insulin in response to oral glucose load. In SU-220, the increase in adipocyte plasma membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was associated with a decrease in fluidity, insulin stimulated glucose transport, antilipolytic effect of insulin and increase in basal and norepinephrine stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. In SU-50, sucrose induced alterations in adipocyte lipolysis and antilipolysis were normalized. However, in SU-2, partial corrections in plasma insulin, AUC of insulin and adipocyte insulin stimulated glucose transport were observed. Further, plasma triglycerides and cholesterol decreased in SU-2. In diaphragm phospholipids, the observed dose dependent increase in long chain (LC) n-3 PUFA was associated with a decrease in LC-n-6 PUFA but insulin stimulated glucose transport increased only in SU-2. Thus, this study shows that the substitution of one-third of dietary 18:2 n-6 with 18:3 n-3 (SU-2) results in lowered blood lipid levels and increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, possibly due to the resulting high LCn-3 PUFA levels in target tissues of insulin action. These findings suggest a role for 18:3 n-3 in the prevention of insulin resistant states. The current recommendation to increase 18:3 n-3 intake for reducing cardiovascular risk may also be beneficial for preventing IR in humans.
doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2005.12.010 
Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Pre- and post-challenge immuno-haematological changes in Labeo rohita juveniles fed gelatinised or non-gelatinised carbohydrate with n-3 PUFA
Received 7 October 2005;
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Abstract
The combined effect of dietary carbohydrate type and n-3 PUFA (EPA + DHA) on pre- and post-challenge haemato-immunological responses in Labeo rohita juveniles was studied. Fish were fed for 67 days with six different test diets containing either gelatinised (G) or non-gelatinised (NG) corn (43%) with three levels of n-3 PUFA (0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%). During the pre-challenge period, significantly higher (P < 0.05) NBT, serum lysozyme activity, total protein and globulin content was recorded in the NG carbohydrate fed groups. Highest NBT value was recorded in the groups fed with 1.0% n-3 PUFA, whereas the highest serum lysozyme activity (P < 0.05) was recorded at either 0.5% or 2.0% n-3 PUFA fed groups in both the pre- and post-challenge period. Feeding of NG corn significantly increased the total leucocyte count, lysozyme activity, A/G ratio and decreased the total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, serum total protein and globulin content of L. rohita juveniles during the post-challenge period. Similarly, feeding of n-3 PUFA at any level significantly increased the immunological parameters like lysozyme activity or A/G ratio, whereas total leukocyte count increased due to feeding of either 0.5% or 1.0% n-3 PUFA. The NBT and albumin values remained similar in both the pre- and post-challenge period. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, the highest survival was recorded in the NG carbohydrate fed groups, whereas the lowest survival was recorded in the highest level of n-3 PUFA fed group irrespective of dietary carbohydrate type. Thus, a high level of G carbohydrate as well as n-3 PUFA is found to be immunosuppressive in L. rohita juveniles. NG carbohydrate supplemented with 1.0% n-3 PUFA is found to be optimum to enhance the immunity in L. rohita juveniles.
Keywords: Carbohydrate; n-3 PUFA; NBT; Lysozyme activity; Serum protein; Labeo rohita; Aeromonas hydrophila
Article Outline
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Materials and methods
- 2.1. Preparation of diet
- 2.2. Experimental design
- 2.3. Sampling
- 2.4. Bacteria
- 2.5. Challenge study
- 2.6. Haematological parameters
- 2.7. Respiratory burst activity
- 2.8. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin
- 2.9. Serum lysozyme activity
- 2.10. Statistical analysis
- 3. Results
- 3.1. Total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content
- 3.2. Total leukocyte count
- 3.3. NBT assay
- 3.4. Serum lysozyme activity
- 3.5. Serum protein, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio
- 3.6. Survival
- 4. Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
