doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.05.013 
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Toxicity of water and sediment from stormwater retarding basins to Hydra hexactinella
Rikke T. Rosenkrantza, 
, 
, Carmel A. Pollinob, Dayanthi Nugegodac and Anders Bauna
aTechnical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
bWater Studies Centre, PO Box 23, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
cSchool of Applied Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
Received 26 April 2007;
revised 7 February 2008;
accepted 11 May 2008.
Available online 11 July 2008.
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Abstract
Hydra hexactinella was used to assess the toxicity of stormwater and sediment samples from three retarding basins in Melbourne, Australia, using an acute test, a sublethal test, and a pulse test. Stormwater from the Avoca St retarding basins resulted in a LC50 of 613 ml/L, NOEC and LOEC values of 50 ml/L and 100 ml/L, while the 7 h pulse exposure caused a significant increase in the mean population growth rate compared to the control. Water samples from the two other retarding basins were found non-toxic to H. hexactinella. This is the first study to employ sediment tests with Hydra spp. on stormwater sediments and a lower population growth rate was observed for organisms exposed to sediment from the Avoca St retarding basins. The behavioral study showed that H. hexactinella tended to avoid the sediment–water interface when exposed to sediment from all retarding basins, compared to the reference sediment. Further work is needed to determine the long-term effects of stormwater polluted sediments and acute effects due to organism exposure to short-term high concentrations during rain events.
Stormwater systems have the potential to have ecotoxicological impact as sediment and water from a retarding basin had a negative impact on Hydra hexactinella.
Keywords: Stormwater; Hydra hexactinella; Retarding basins; Sediment; Toxicity
Fig. 1. Distribution of land use for the three retarding basins, based on data obtained from Melbourne Water.
Fig. 2. The percent mortality of H. hexactinella after exposure to water from Avoca St. RB for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h.
Fig. 3. Mean (S.D.) population growth rates on the final day of the pulse test for Avoca St RB. Values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Fig. 4. Mean (S.D.) population growth rates on the final day of the population growth test for Avoca St RB. Values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Fig. 5. Mean (S.E.) population growth rates on the final day of the sediment population growth test.
Fig. 6. Mean (S.E.) distance of H. hexactinella from the sediment on the final day of the test.
Table 1.
Total content of metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (mg/kg) in the sediment of the three retarding basins in 2002
Data were obtained from Melbourne Water.
Table 2.
Results from the toxicity tests performed with copper sulphate and stormwater samples from the three retarding basins
–, Water samples did not show effects on H. hexactinella.
NP, test not performed.
Table 3.
Total content of metal (μg/L) measured in the water samples from the three retarding basins
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