Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that lichens are responding to climate change in Western Europe. More epiphytic species appear to be increasing, rather than declining, as a result of global warming. Many terricolous species, in contrast, are declining. Changes to epiphytic floras are markedly more rapid in formerly heavily polluted, generally built-up or open rural areas, as compared to forested regions. Both the distribution (southern) and ecology (warmth-loving) of the newly established or increasing species seem to be determined by global warming. Epiphytic temperate to boreo-montane species appear to be relatively unaffected. Vacant niches caused by other environmental changes are showing the most pronouced effects of global warming. Species most rapidly increasing in forests, although taxonomically unrelated, all contain Trentepohlia as phycobiont in addition to having a southern distribution. This suggests that in this habitat, Trentepohlia algae, rather than the different lichen symbioses, are affected by global warming.

Epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Western Europe respond to global warming through their Trentepohlia algae.

Keywords: Algae; Biomonitoring; Climate change; Europe

Article Outline

1. Introduction

2. Data and methods

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Epiphytic lichens on free-standing trees respond to global warming

3.2. Terricolous lichens respond to global warming

3.3. Global warming effects in forests

3.4. Global warming and lichens in adjacent countries

References