Short communicationModelling potential habitat for cougars in midwestern North America
Introduction
Cougars (Puma concolor) have historically occupied most of the western hemisphere, ranging from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans and from northern British Columbia to southern Chile (Sunquist and Sunquist, 2002). These top predators were extirpated from eastern and midwestern North America by the early 1900s, however, because of habitat loss and intentional killing due to concerns about human safety, ungulate populations, and livestock depredation (Sunquist and Sunquist, 2002). Distributions were restricted to the rugged topography and remoteness of the west, where cougars remained a bountied animal until the 1960s (Desimone et al., 2005). Cougars were then reclassified and managed as a big game species in most western states (Desimone et al., 2005, Nadeau, 2005, Whittaker, 2005). Increased protection, along with increasing prey densities (e.g., elk), has allowed for a rebound in cougar numbers across the West (Nadeau, 2005). The potential for re-colonization of cougars in the region is of considerable interest to wildlife managers and the public alike (Nielsen et al., 2006, Davenport et al., 2010, Beier, 2010).
Large-scale habitat models have been created for many carnivore species using animal location information, remotely sensed data, multivariate statistics, and a geographic information system (GIS; Carroll et al., 1999, Mace et al., 1999, Nielsen and Woolf, 2002, Treves et al., 2004, McDonald et al., 2008). These models are created by statistically evaluating relationships between species occurrences and landscape characteristics (Store and Kangas, 2001); such analyses typically rely upon empirical data regarding species occurrence. However, empirical data may not be available, especially in the case of rare species. Expert-opinion surveys can be used in lieu of empirical data to obtain information regarding habitat needs (Pearce et al., 2001, Clevenger et al., 2002, Martin et al., 2004, LaRue and Nielsen, 2008). Store and Kangas (2001) describe a technique in which GIS, spatial analysis, and decision analysis techniques are used to develop large-scale habitat models. Expert opinion and multi-criteria analysis, specifically the analytical hierarchy process (AHP; Saaty, 1980), transform expert knowledge regarding wildlife habitat needs into numerical form. Geographic information system applications are then used to produce cartographic maps by combining the expert-assisted data and spatial analysis of landscape information (LaRue and Nielsen, 2008).
Although confirmations of cougar presence (i.e., carcasses, DNA, photographs, and video) in midwestern North America have increased dramatically during the past 20 years (Nielsen et al., 2006, Cougar Network, 2010), no researchers have yet developed models of potential habitat for cougars in North America's interior. Furthermore, relatively few applications of multi-criteria evaluation modelling exist for carnivores (Clevenger et al., 2002, Doswald et al., 2007, Singh et al., 2009). We previously modelled potential dispersal corridors for cougars into the Midwest based on expert opinion surveys within the AHP modelling framework; much of our discussion regarding these techniques are provided in LaRue and Nielsen (2008). The objectives of the present paper are to (1) quantify the amount and distribution of potentially favorable cougar habitat in the Midwest based on our previous work (LaRue and Nielsen, 2008); (2) delineate large areas of contiguous, highly favorable habitat; and (3) discuss model utility.
Section snippets
Methods
We assessed potential habitat for cougars using the same 9-state midwestern North America study area as in LaRue and Nielsen (2008). We were unable to use empirical data from midwestern cougars because such data were unavailable; confirmation location data (Nielsen et al., 2006, Cougar Network, 2010) from most states were deemed unsuitable, as they were likely dispersing animals and not selecting habitat optimally while dispersing (LaRue and Nielsen, 2008). Briefly, our approach to identify
Results and discussion
We provide the first large-scale assessment of potential cougar habitat in midwestern North America based on the collection and analysis of ecological data used for model building and validation. Of the 11 expert surveys returned (38% return rate), results were consistent among biologists surveyed, and indicated that land cover, specifically mixed and deciduous forest cover, was the most influential factor for potential habitat for cougars in the Midwest (Table 1). Distance to water was
Model utility
The modelling framework we employed was useful for identifying potential habitat for cougars in midwestern North America and provides an example approach for modelling potential habitat for large carnivores in the region and elsewhere. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) and black bears (Ursus americanus), have recolonized and increased their distribution in several midwestern states during the past decade (Gehring and Potter, 2005, Bales et al., 2005, Beringer, 2008). These top-tier trophic species will
Acknowledgements
We thank the Summerlee Foundation, Shared Earth Foundation, Cougar Network, and Graduate School and Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory at Southern Illinois University Carbondale for project funding. Thanks to C. Anderson, P. Beier, C. Christianson, G. Koehler, D. Onorato, H. Quigley, T. Ruth, H. Shaw, S. Wilson, A. Wydeven, and J. Young for evaluating and returning our expert-opinion survey. T. Oyanna and P. McDonald provided considerable support with GIS. Thanks to D. Fecske for
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2014, Ecological ModellingCitation Excerpt :This is implied by cougar presence in Florida (e.g. Maehr, 1997) among other places. While LaRue and Nielsen's (2011) model is the only one that included slope as a predictor, selecting for steeper areas over flatter areas, all models identified some viable habitat in steeper terrain – likely due to the relationship between terrain and the physical limitations of human development. When slope was tested as a predictor during the development of an original model, I did not find the geographic placement of viable habitat to deviate significantly from models that excluded slope.