Alimentary TractA simplified prognostic model to predict mortality in patients with acute variceal bleeding
Introduction
Patients with cirrhosis are at risk for developing one or more critical complications, such as ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, encephalopathy, or hepatorenal syndrome [1], [2], [3], [4]. When these are accompanied by multiple organ failure and culminate in high short-term mortality, this becomes a distinct disease entity known as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) [5], [6]. ACLF is an increasingly recognized disease entity. It has been postulated that ACLF could allow for early identification of patients at high risk for cirrhosis-related death.
Acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a major complication of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Endoscopic ligation therapy combined with vasoactive drugs and prophylactic antibiotics is the current standard of care for AVB patients [7], [8]. Despite advances in diagnosis and management of esophageal and gastric varices, AVB is a main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Mortality remains high in this situation (16%–24%) [7], [9]. Development of sensitive and specific risk prediction models for AVB patients is important for reducing mortality in high-risk patients. Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) use in selected high-risk patients reduces mortality [10], [11]. Furthermore, rigorous application of treatments such as restricted blood transfusion or nonselective beta-blockers can improve AVB patient survival [12].
Although there are several AVB prognostic models, they have limited ability to predict patient outcomes. Rockall and Glasgow Blatchford scores are widely used UGIB risk predictors. However, these scores are poor at predicting clinical outcomes of patients with AVB [13]. The Child–Pugh score has subjective components that are inconsistently predictive, such as ascites or encephalopathy [14]. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score is composed of objective variables [15]. However, this model was developed based on patients treated with TIPS more than 10 years ago and so might not apply to AVB patients. The chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment (CLIF-SOFA) score has received the most attention recently and adequately predicts ACLF in chronic liver disease patients [6]. However, this score is complex and includes subjective components.
The aim of the present study was to develop a new and simple prognostic model based on initial objective components in AVB patients. To achieve this aim, we first investigated mortality predictors in AVB patients. Based on this analysis, a new and simple prognostic model was produced using exclusively objective and easily verified factors. Finally, this new model was validated externally to ensure generalizability and implementation in clinical practice.
Section snippets
Study population
A consecutive database that included all patients admitted to Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, a tertiary care center, for acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from January 2009 to May 2015 was created. This study was approved by Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital Institutional Review Board (KC14RISI0606). From the total GI bleeding patient cohort, those who were found to have cirrhosis and variceal bleeding were identified and selected for this study.
Patients with cirrhosis and acute bleeding from both
Patients features and outcomes
From January 2009 to May 2015, 343 consecutive patients with AVB who were admitted to Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital were identified. After excluding those who were under 18 years of age (n = 1), who did not undergo EGD (n = 2), and those lost to follow-up within 6 weeks from the initial endoscopic exam (n = 7), 333 patients remained and were included.
The demographic characteristics of the studied population are summarized in Table 1. The mean age was 57.5 years (range: 22–98) and there were 247 men.
Discussion
Although several prognostic models have been developed to predict outcomes of patients with AVB, these are not widely used because some indicators in the models are subjective and difficult to assess at AVB onset. In the present study, independent predictive factors of 6-week mortality were identified, and a simple yet novel prognostic model calculated from a cohort of patients with AVB was proposed. This model was validated externally in two additional patient series. All model components
Conflict of interests
None declared.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning) (NRF-2016R1C1B2015185) and by Leading Foreign Research Institute Recruitment Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2011-0031644).
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Soung Won Jeong, MD, Associate Professor at Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, for discussions regarding the data analysis.
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