Fig. 1. View of the CAMUS specimen and sketch of the walls and masses [1] (units in cm).

Fig. 2. The amount and detailing of reinforcement in elevation of single wall.

Fig. 3. Nice and San Francisco signals used in the experiments.

Fig. 4. Five percent damped acceleration response spectra of given ground motions.

Fig. 5. Material behavior of concrete.

Fig. 6. The models created in ANSYS.

Fig. 7. Modeling of boundary conditions.

Fig. 8. Influence of the spring constant on the natural frequencies of the wall-table system.

Fig. 9. Sliding shear failure plane due to lack of vertical stiffness at the base of wall.

Fig. 10. Pushover curve of a single wall.

Fig. 11. (a) Lumped mass system, (b) ground excitation, (c) effective earthquake forces.

Fig. 12. Comparison of experimentally measured and numerically calculated global response parameters, such as displacement, base shear and bending moment.

Fig. 13. Comparison of measured and calculated base shear force in Run 3.

Fig. 14. Moment–curvature relationship of levels 1–2–3–4 after Run 3.

Fig. 15. Strain distribution and crack pattern developed in the model in Run 3.

Fig. 16. Strain time histories compared with experimental ones for Run 3 at levels 2 and 4.

Fig. 17. Maximum strains computed at each level compared with experimental ones for Run 5 and main crack patterns on right and left wall.

Fig. 18. Top floor acceleration time history comparison for (a) Run 1 and (b) Run 4.

Fig. 19. Effect of cracking of concrete and yielding of steel on the top displacement.

Maximum value of top displacements and internal forces at the base of wall

Modal frequencies (Hz) due to different boundary conditions

Natural frequencies (Hz)

Results of time history analyses