Study on the oxidation resistance and tribological behavior of glass lubricants used in hot extrusion of commercial purity titanium

doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.055

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects

Volume 559, 20 December 2018, Pages 251-257

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.055 Get rights and content

Abstract

Glass lubricants have great potential in industrial metal forming processes such as hot extrusion of titanium and titanium alloys. In this work, based on the extrusion process of commercial-purity titanium (TA2) at 800 °C, glass lubricants with low melting points are designed. The thermal properties, high-temperature oxidation resistance and friction properties of uncoated and glass-coated TA2 samples are systemically studied, which reveals the good lubricating and anti-oxidation properties of the samples. The glass lubricant melts into a viscoelastic film at 800 °C to insulate TA2 from oxygen and reduce friction, and automatically peel off during cooling due to the significantly mismatched thermal expansion between the glass coating and TA2 substrate. This work provides a guidance for designing glass-based lubricants used in hot extrusion of metals.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Titanium and titanium alloys have been extensively used as structural materials due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance and good process performance [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Titanium and titanium alloys can be shaped by extrusion, rolling, forging and stretching processes [5], among which, hot extrusion above 700 °C is widely used to process metals with fine microstructures, designed shapes and good mechanical properties [6,7]. To insure good quality of the processed titanium and titanium alloys, lubricants should be applied in hot extrusion process. Lubricants can protect the dies and products from serious damages that are caused by significant friction between the metal billets and dies during hot extrusion, reducing surface defects and inhomogeneous deformation of the products [8]. Moreover, lubricants with good oxidation resistance can impede surface oxidation of titanium and titanium alloys at high temperature [[9], [10], [11], [12]].

Glasses are considered as excellent lubricants for hot extrusion of titanium and titanium alloys owing to their adjustable softening points, high temperature stability, excellent chemical inertness and oxidation resistance [9]. Compared to conventional anti-oxidation films by surface coating technologies such as Ti–Cr–Al coating by magnetron sputtering [13], Ti/TiAl–SiC coating by liquid-phase siliconizing [14] and Al–Si coatings by vacuum fusing method [15], the cost of glass-based lubricants is much lower. Moreover, the coating layers applied by surface coating technologies need to be removed by chemical methods or mechanical methods after the hot extrusion is completed [[16], [17], [18]], leading to a low processing efficiency; while it is facile to apply glass coatings via a simple slurry method [[19], [20], [21], [22]]. The softening point of glass lubricants can be controlled through rationally compositional design, which allows the glass lubricants to melt into viscous layers at the desired extrusion temperature, coating on the surface of titanium and titanium alloys and playing a role as liquid-state lubricant with oxidation resistance [23]. However, the comprehensive studies of the lubricating properties including the tribological behavior, oxidation resistance of glass lubricants under hot extrusion processing temperature are barely reported. Therefore, a systemic guidance for the design and property evaluation of glass-based lubricants is still urgently desired.

In this work, we develop a series of glass lubricants with controlled softening points and viscosities through compositional design for the industrial hot extrusion process of commercial-purity titanium (TA2). Comprehensive thermal, anti-oxidation and tribological analyses have been done to evaluate anti-oxidation and the lubricating properties of glass samples. Meanwhile, on-site tests confirmed the anti-oxidation and good lubricating properties of as-prepared glass lubricants for industrial hot extrusion of TA2 tubes. What’s more, after the hot extrusion, the glass coating layers can automatically peel off from the TA2 tubes due to the significant thermal expansion difference between the glass and TA2 substrate during cooling, which enables a facile process and reduces the cost of coating treatment.

Section snippets

Specimen preparation

Commercial purity titanium (TA2) was used as the substrate material (chemical composition: Ti-0.3%Fe-0.08%C-0.25%O-0.015%H-0.03%N, wt.%) with fixed dimension of 20 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm, which was polished on 200, 400, 600, 800 # SiC abrasive papers to remove the oxide layer on the surface, subsequently cleaned by acetone in ultrasonic bath to remove any grease or impurities, and then naturally dried. The surface arithmetic average roughness value (Ra) of TA2 was 0.06 μm.

Glass preparation

The glasses used in this

Thermal properties of the glasses

Fig. 1 shows TG and DSC curves of three glass samples as marked. According to the TG curves in Fig. 1a, the weight losses of the glass samples can be divided into two stages: at the early stage, the weight losses of the samples are less than 6% from 50 °C to 550 °C, which may be attributed to the volatilization of B₂O₃ [24]. Different with G1 and G2, the weight of G3 sample slightly increase before 500 °C, which can be attributed to the formation of sodium peroxide through the reaction between

Application for industrial hot extrusion of TA2 tubes

The on-site test of industrial hot extrusion process of TA2 tubes with G3 lubricant is schematically illustrated in Fig. 8a. G3 glass slurry is uniformly pre-coated on the billet surface before it is loaded into the extrusion container. At the same time, a G3 glass pad (Fig. 8b) is placed between the die and the billet to achieve continuous lubrication. At room temperature, the G3 glass pad lubricant is solid, porous and inhomogeneous. As hot extrusion begins, a thin glass film forms, and flows

Conclusions

The glass lubricant (G3) are developed and coated on the TA2 substrates by a facile slurry method. Thermal analyses demonstrate that the designed glass lubricants have suitable softening points and viscosity for the hot extrusion process of TA2 at 800 °C, which can make sure that the as-prepared glass lubricants can form a viscous film during hot extrusion. Compared to uncoated TA2, the thickness of oxidation layer, the arithmetic average surface roughness value and the average COF value of

Acknowledgements

LY would like to acknowledge the financially support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the central Universities.

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Study on the oxidation resistance and tribological behavior of glass lubricants used in hot extrusion of commercial purity titanium

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Specimen preparation

Glass preparation

Thermal properties of the glasses

Application for industrial hot extrusion of TA2 tubes

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Mater. Des.

J. Alloys. Compd.

J. Alloys. Compd.

CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol.

Int. J. Mech. Sci.

Mater. Sci. Eng. A.

J. Mater. Process. Technol.

Ceram. Int.

Mater. Lett.

J. Mater. Process. Technol.

Wear

Mater. Sci. Eng. A

Mater. Sci. Eng. A.

Mater. Sci. Eng. A.

Corrosion Sci.

Surf. Coat. Technol.

Surf. Coat. Technol.