Turing instability for a competitor-competitor-mutualist model with nonlinear cross-diffusion effects
Introduction
Let Ω be a bounded domain in with smooth boundary ∂Ω. In this paper, we are interested in a strongly coupled reaction-diffusion system
with initial and boundary value conditions where ν is the unit outward normal to ∂Ω, a, b, c, δ, m, η, L0, n, β and γ are all positive constants, and α31 are nonnegative constants. a, b and c are intrinsic growth rates of the three species, respectively, while δ, m, η, L0 and n describe inter-species interactions. This system represents a model which involves interacting and migrating in the same habitat Ω among a competitor u2, a competitor-mutualist u1 and a mutualist u3. The populations are not homogeneously distributed due to the consideration of diffusions and cross-diffusions. For more biological meaning of the parameters, one can make a reference to [15], [17].
The spatially homogeneous ODEs of (1.1) was initiated by Rai et al. [15]. Sufficient criteria for the boundedness of global solution and the local stability or instability of various equilibria were established. Zheng [27] then extended and considered the corresponding reaction-diffusion system ( in (1.1)) under Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. He discussed the local stability of positive equilibrium and the stability of various semitrivial steady states. Xu [23] investigated some sufficient conditions under which there is no non-constant positive steady state for the same weakly coupled reaction-diffusion model. In addition, the asymptotic behavior of positive solutions for periodic system was studied by A. Tineo [20] and Fu et al. [4]. Y. Du [3] also discussed the existence of positive periodic solutions of the corresponding Dirichlet problem by using degree and bifurcation theories.
As for the strongly coupled system of this competitor-competitor-mutualist model, there are also some important results. When Chen et al. [2] obtained some existence and non-existence results concerning non-constant positive steady-states for the Neumann problem by using Leray–Schauder degree theory. Recently, under Dirichlet boundary value conditions, Li et al. [9] discussed the existence of positive solutions to a competitor-competitor-mutualist model with another type of strongly coupled terms by Schauder fixed point theory. Their results show that the system possesses at least one coexistence state if cross-diffusions and cross-reactions are weak.
The weakly coupled system of (1.1) don’t consider either the fact that competitors and mutualist naturally develop strategies for survival or the fact that the distribution of population is usually not homogeneously. To take into account the intra-specific and inter-specific population pressures between two competitors and mutualist, we introduce self- and cross-diffusions. The dispersal terms can be written as The terms represent self-diffusions and the terms represent cross-diffusions. Here α12u1 > 0 (or α21u2 > 0) implies that the flux of u1 (or u2) is directed toward the decreasing population density of u2 (or u1), so the two competitors avoid each other. While (or ) implies that the flux of u1 (or u3) is directed toward the increasing population density of u3 (or u1), i.e., the two mutualists chase each other.
After add these items, model (1.1) means that, in addition to the dispersive force, the diffusion also depends on population pressure from other species. Thus, the populations in (1.1) are not homogeneously distributed due to the consideration of self- and cross-diffusions.
The roles of diffusion and cross-diffusion in the modeling of biological processes have been extensively studied in literature. Starting with Turing’s seminal work [21], diffusion and cross diffusion have been observed as causes of the spontaneous emergence of ordered structures, called patterns, in a variety of nonequilibrium situations. Diffusion-driven instability, also called Turing instability, has also been verified empirically in some chemical and biological models [1], [5], [19], [22]. For some systems with cross-diffusion, we can learn that cross-diffusion may be helpful to create linear instability as well as non-constant positive steady-state solutions for corresponding ecosystems, for example [10], [11], [12], [13], [16], [18]. Recently, Guin [7] investigated a mathematical model of predator-prey interaction subject to self and cross-diffusion and found that the effects of self-diffusion as well as cross-diffusion play important roles in the stationary pattern formation of the model which concerns the influence of intra-species competition among. Hoang et al. [8] considered a general n-species reaction-diffusion system. Under some assumptions of diffusion and reaction matrices, linear instability and dynamical instability for the uniform steady state were discussed by linearization and a bootstrap lemma. These results show that the cross-diffusion systems are capable of producing much more complex dynamics than the corresponding diffusion system, which can provide theoretical basis for numerical simulation of various spatial patterns, such as spotted, spots-stripes mixtures, stripe-like, oscillatory patterns, and so on.
In recent years, researches on the existence of non-constant steady states and patterns formation for strongly coupled reaction-diffusion systems arising from population dynamics have been mainly focused on the models with linear cross-diffusion [2], [5], [12], [13], [19], [22], and relatively little research has been conducted to the mutli-species models with nonlinear cross-diffusion terms (for example, [6] and [9] for species coexistence). In our study, a reaction-diffusion system of competitor-competitor-mutualist model with diffusion, self-diffusion and nonlinear cross-diffusion is considered. Our objective is to discuss the roles of diffusion, self-diffusion and cross-diffusion in stationary patterns formation for model (1.1), (1.2). We prove that cross-diffusion α12, α21 or α31 can destabilize a uniform positive equilibrium which is stable for the ODE system and for the weakly coupled reaction-diffusion system. As a result, we find that under certain conditions, the effect of cross-diffusion can arouse stationary patterns while diffusion and self-diffusion fail to do so. Our results exhibit some interesting combining effects of cross-diffusion, competition, mutualism and intra-species interactions on the stability and instability of positive equilibrium.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the persistent property for reaction-diffusion system with no self- and cross-diffusion is discussed by using a comparison method. Under the same condition on locally stability in [27], we obtain the globally asymptotic stability of the uniform positive steady state for weakly coupled reaction diffusion system. In Section 3, we investigate the linear stability of uniform positive steady state for ODEs and reaction-diffusion system with no or with one cross-diffusion and the effect of cross-diffusion α12, α21 or α31 on the appearance of Turing instability.
Section snippets
Persistence and global asymptotic stability for the PDEs without self- and cross-diffusion
By solving the equations it is easy to know that problem (1.1) has a unique positive equilibrium if where .
In this section, we always assume that . We will show that any nonnegative classical solution of (1.1) without self- and cross-diffusion lies in a
Turing instability induced by cross-diffusion
In this section, we mainly establish some criteria on the linear stability or instability of uniform positive steady state u* for ODEs, PDEs with no self- and cross-diffusions, PDEs with no cross-diffusions and PDEs with one cross-diffusion α13, respectively.
Concluding remarks
In this paper, a strongly coupled reaction-diffusion system modeling a competitor-competitor-mutualist three-species model (1.1) subject to Neumann boundary conditions (1.2) is considered. By investigating the persistence of reaction-diffusion system with no self- and cross-diffusion, the asymptotic stability of positive equilibrium for weakly coupled PDE system or cross-diffusion system, we try to understand the roles of diffusion, self-diffusion and nonlinear cross-diffusions in stationary
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 11361055.
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