Data article
Comparative study between static and dynamic adsorption efficiency of dyes by the mixture of palm waste using the central composite design

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100385Get rights and content

Abstract

The present work was carried out to study the efficiency of the mixture of palm waste (MPW) (including (60% of date seeds (DS), 20% of palm's leaves (PL) and 20% of palm's bark (PB)) for the elimination of dyes (methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO)) by the adsorption method. The adsorbent was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), pH points zero charge (pHpzc) and the specific surface area by the methylene blue method (SS). A central composite design (CCD) with three factors was used to optimize the experimental conditions. After realization of the experiment and data analysis, the optimal conditions are: 80 mg of adsorbents, 20 mg/L of initial dyes concentration and pH of adsorbate solution equal to 8.023 for MB with the removal efficiency of 93.4% and 90.38 mg of adsorbents, 20 mg/L of initial concentration dyes, and pH of adsorbate solution equal to 2 for MO adsorption with the removal efficiency of 46.6%. The results show that the kinetic modelisation of the MB and MO adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order model. The identification of retention mechanism by different models of adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubini-Radushkevich and Timkin), indicate that the adsorption of the studied dyes follows the Langmuir model. The maximal quantities adsorbed of MB and MO are respectively 40.98 mg/g and 10.14 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption of MB and MO is spontaneous and exothermic for both dyes. The second part concerns the study of adsorption on a fixed-bed column which was applied to compare the efficiency of each system (static or dynamic) for the three studied supports.

Introduction

The growing demand for adsorbents used in environmental protection processes, particularly wastewater treatment, and the high cost of the usual sorbent, has led scientific researchers to look for new low-cost sorbents [1]. So, there is a huge part of raw materials like diverted lingo cellulosic (wheat shells [2], coconut shells [3], orange peel, banana peel [4], pits of olives [5], apricot stone [6], coffee grounds [7], pine cone [8]) which can be used as sorbent. An important quantity of palm wastes is generated every year which constitute a significant source of agricultural waste, with an important economic value. The use of a mixture of palm waste (MPW) in the treatment of water as an available organic material can be an interesting way of valorization of these materials.

Many industries, such as textile industries reject toxic organic compounds in the rivers which cause ecological problems; these compounds are structurally very different each other, which constitute a real difficulty to eliminate them by the classic methods of decontamination such as coagulation, biological treatment, membrane technology, oxidation, photodegradation and adsorption [9]. The adsorption by activated carbon is the most effective method of water's discoloration, but, remain inadequate because of its high cost [10], [11], [12]. Agricultural waste can be used to substitute activated carbon. For that, this work is carried out to valorize different part of palm wastes and improve the capacity of adsorption by mixing palm leaves (PL), palm bark (BP) and date seeds (DS). Dates seeds have an important specific area [13] and it can be also used in other valuable application like coffee, cosmetic products and the livestock feeding.

In this work, a local material which is the mixture of palm waste (MPW) is evaluated as adsorbent for the elimination of two dyes (methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO)). A characterization of this material will be realized in the first step. In the second step, experimental design methodology is used for optimizing the operational parameters affecting the elimination process of dyes. Finally, The kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption will be optimized. The second part is devoted to the study of adsorption in a continuous process (on a fixed bed column) to compare the removal efficiency of dye in the static and dynamic system onto different palm waste.

Section snippets

Adsorbents

The adsorbent used was a mixture of palm waste (MPW) including (60% of date seeds (DS), 20% of palm's leaves (PL) and 20% of palm's bark (PB)). It was collected from Errachidia in Morocco. The palm waste was washed with distilled water, to remove dirt particles than was air dried. The different parts of the palm waste were crushed separately into small pieces, powdered into particles of small sizes and finally mixed. The mixture sieved into particle size 0.5 µm.

Adsorbates

Studied adsorbates here were

Interpretation of X-ray diffractogram

Fig. 3 represents the diffractogram of the different palm waste.

The diffractograms of the raw date seeds (DS), palm leaves, palm bark and the mixture of these materials don't present a line of the horizontal basic line. This shows that the major part of the materials is amorphous. However, some pics of the emerging line of base diffraction indicating the presence of a small quantity of crystalline material. For date seeds, we found the peaks at 15.07°, 20.48° and 24.52 corresponding to the

Conclusion

In this study, the methodology of experimental design was used to optimize the MB and MO removal by a MPW. The interaction between operational variables for the treatment optimization process, such as the mass of adsorbent, the concentration of dye and the pH was investigated. Statistical analysis of the interaction of model response was investigated. The majority of the effects are significant on the removal of dyes by adsorption process. The p–value of this model was lower than the 0.05 (for

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the team of the Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences in the Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II for technical support during this study.

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