Abstract

Background

The causes of night blindness in children are multifactorial and particular consideration has been given to childhood nutritional deficiency, which is the most common problem found in underdeveloped countries. Such deficiency can result in physiological and pathological processes that in turn influence hair composition.

Method

An ultrasonic-assisted acid leaching procedure was developed as a sample pretreatment for the determination of Zn, Cu, Cd, As and Pb in human scalp hair samples of night blindness male children with age between 5 to 15 y and compared with the children without vision anomalies that lived in the same localities. The effects of different factors on acid leaching of metals, such as preintensification time (without ultrasonic stirring) after treatment of acid mixture, exposure time to ultrasound and temperature of the ultrasonic bath have been investigated. The proposed method was validated by certified reference samples of scalp hair CRM 397. The wet acid digestion method was used to obtain the total metal concentration in both scalp hair and CRM samples. Cu and Zn in leachates and digests were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) using a conventional air/acetylene flame, while Cd and Pb were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) under optimized conditions.

Results

It was observed that at optimal conditions, the recovery for Zn, Cd, Pb, As and Cu were 98%, 98.5%, 96%, 97.2% and 94% respectively. The mean values of Zn and Cu in scalp hair samples of children having night blindness were significantly lower as compared to normal healthy children (p for Zn < 0.001 and Cu < 0.003), while the level of toxic metals As, Cd and Pb were significantly higher in children having ocular problems as related to normal children (p As < 0.0074, Cd < 0.001 and lead < 0.004).

Conclusion

These data present guidance to clinicians and other professional investigating deficiency of essential trace metals and excessive level of toxic metals in biological samples.

Keywords: Trace and toxic elements; Night blindness; Children; Age groups (5–15); Atomic absorption spectrophotometer

Article Outline

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Reagents and glassware

2.2. Apparatus

2.3. Sampling

2.4. Washing

2.5. Ultrasonic acid leaching procedure

2.6. Wet acid digestion method

2.7. Evaluation of analytical characteristics of the method

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Methodology

3.1.1. Wet acid digestion

3.1.2. Ultrasonic assisted leaching

3.1.2.1. Influence of preintensification time

3.1.2.2. Influence of temperature

3.1.2.3. Influence of intensification time

3.1.2.4. Comparison of methods

3.2. The evaluation of the relationship among scalp hair metal contents and visual problems

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References