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doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.06.007 
Copyright © 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc.
The effects of a primary-treated municipal effluent on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Exposure duration and contribution of suspended particles
N. Héberta, F. Gagnéb, 
, 
, P. Cejkac, D. Cyra, D.J. Marcoglieseb, C. Blaiseb, J. Pellerind and M. Fourniera
Received 8 May 2008;
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Abstract
Municipal sewage effluents are complex mixtures of contaminants known to disrupt both immune and endocrine functions in aquatic organisms. The present study sought to determine the impacts of municipal effluent on the immune systems of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), by exposing specimens to low concentrations (0.01%, 0.1%, 1% or 10%) of sewage effluent for periods of 28 or 90 days. The soluble and insoluble fractions of the effluent were also studied to assess the contribution of fractions rich in microorganisms and particles on fish immune systems. To this end, the trout were also exposed to soluble and insoluble fractions of the effluent for a period of 28 days. Immunocompetence was assessed by the following three parameters: phagocytosis, natural cytotoxic cells (NCC) and blastogenesis of lymphocytes under mitogen stimulation. Fish exposed to the 1% sewage effluent concentration for 28 days had enhanced phagocytic activity; at 90 days, phagocytic activity was reduced. T and B lymphocyte proliferation in fish from both groups was similarly stimulated. Phagocytosis and NCC activities were influenced more by the insoluble fraction than the soluble fraction of the effluent. Conversely, mitogen-stimulated T lymphocyte proliferation was enhanced in cells of fish exposed to the soluble fraction of the effluents, with a dampening effect on the insoluble (particulate) fraction of the effluent. In conclusion, the effects of the effluent and its fractions were higher at the cellular-mediated immunity level than at the acquired immunity level. Immunotoxicity data on the soluble fraction of the effluent were more closely associated to data on the unfractionated effluent, but the contribution of the particulate fraction could not be completely ignored for phagocytosis and B lymphocyte proliferation.
Keywords: Sewage effluent; Immune system; Phagocytosis; Macrophages; Natural killer cells; Lymphocyte proliferation
Article Outline
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Materials and methods
- 2.1. Animal care
- 2.2. Exposure to primary-treated effluent before and after particle fractionation
- 2.3. Post-exposure fish handling and leucocytes preparation
- 2.4. Leucocyte viability and phagocytosis assessment
- 2.5. Natural cytotoxic cells (NCC) assay
- 2.6. Lymphocyte proliferation assays
- 2.7. Statistical analyses
- 3. Results
- 4. Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
indicates significant difference from control group (p < 0.05). B. Phagocytic activity in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) exposed to Montreal wastewater concentrations of between 0.01% and 10% for a period of 90 days. 
