Gold-nanorod enhances dielectric voltammetry detection of c-reactive protein: A predictive strategy for cardiac failure
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is the dominant cause for the morbidity and mortality worldwide (Fonseca et al., 2016). Fortunately, research conjugating the discovery of biomarkers could ease the early detection and prediction of diseases which is much needed for the precaution measurements with CVD risks (Gupta et al., 2014). Several common biomarkers are engaged with CVD risks, such as troponin-T and -I, Myosin light chain kinase 1 for a myocardial infarction while C-reactive Protein (CRP) for inflammation (Keen and Gables, 2016, Md Arshad et al., 2016). CRP is acute phase protein produced by the liver which able to increase the level within a few hours after inflammation process. In a healthy individual the CRP concentrations vary between 0.8 and 3 mg/L. Generally, three proposed CRP levels in human serum are, low-risk (1 mg/L), average-risk (1–3 mg/L) and high-risk (> 3 mg/L) (Md Arshad et al., 2016). CRP test utilizing patient serum (Cheen et al., 2017) is needed to verify if an individual has a problem linked to acute infection or inflammation. Despite inflammation, bacterial and viral infections are also causing to rise the CRP level. Albeit biomarker finding, the best detection method is must in order to reduce the fatality rate. Although, the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram is currently the preferred test to recognize patients with acute CVD, due to its poor sensitivity the additional diagnostic techniques are mandatory (Fathil et al., 2015).
Nanotechnology plays a significant role in revolutionizing the efficiency of biosensor predominantly in the medical field (Pundir and Narwal, 2018). Nanoparticles are most extensively used for the betterment and the precise biomolecule detection. Moreover, nanoparticles are useful for early detection, which are eligible to utilize in medical diagnosis (Pandit et al., 2016). Gold nanomaterial, such as gold nanorod (GNR) has a promising effect on improving the sensing platform. Gold nanomaterial promote greater abilities of binding the biomolecules (Gopinath et al., 2017), due to its outstanding physiochemical properties such as a large surface area, better conductivity, biocompatibility and improves the limit of detection (Xu et al., 2017). Concerning the conventional techniques that were practiced last decades to detect CRP in clinical laboratories, they consume huge amount and expensive reagents in every assay and may take several hours or even days to receive the consolidated results. ELISA is a ‘gold standard’ strategy, broadly utilized to detect the antigen causing disease by using the suitable antibody. This experiment was performed in this study to prove the presented sensor displays a higher sensitivity compared to the ELISA and to confirm the genuine interaction of CRP-antigen and its antibody. ELISA has a higher specificity but with a lower sensitivity, able to detect at the nanomolar range in general, whereby the proposed sensor has the limit of detection as low as 10 fM. ELISA is still performing well in the detection of CRP but the usage become limited due to expensive and the trained personnel needed to perform the method. Despite amount requirement and high cost, the detection limit is still high where the accuracy level is low. Engage in this issue, doctors unable to make a quick decision which is incompatible to treat high-risk CVD patients.
To overwhelm these limitations, the biosensor-based strategy has been proposed for the detection of CRP biomarkers (Fathil et al., 2016). Furthermore, it is a suitable device for early diagnosis because of their low level of detection limits in physiological samples. For the current study, the antigen (CRP) was immobilized on GNR to develop the detection on the nano gapped electrode. A clear-cut comparison was carried out between the presence and absence of GNR integration during the detection of the antigen-antibody coupling event. The current to voltage (I-V) measurements were performed to analyze the current flow. Furthermore, better performing biosensor can reveal the outstanding outcomes in medical diagnosis because quick accurate outcomes are significant considerations in this field (Sharifi et al., 2018). Engaging to that, several vital factors have been taken into the consideration, which includes the higher number of immobilized biomolecules on sensing surface and reducing the non-specific binding as demonstrated in (Lakshmipriya et al., 2013). To achieve the notions, in the current study, a voltammetry-based dielectric biosensing system was utilized to analyze CRP using the antibody as a probe for the efficient detection of CRP in order to predict the heart failure.
Section snippets
Materials and reagents
C-reactive protein and monoclonal anti-CRP antibody produced in mouse were purchased from BITA LIFESCIENCE Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia). 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was procured from Sigma Aldrich (USA) for nanogapped surface functionalization. Glutaraldehyde solution (50%) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (USA) for immobilization purpose. Phosphate Buffer Solution from Sigma Aldrich (USA) was utilized as a washing buffer. Ethanolamine from Fisher Scientific (UK) was used as the blocking agent.
Results and discussion
C-reactive protein (CRP) is owned by pentraxin protein family and mainly synthesized in the liver (Adukauskiene et al., 2016). Myocardial infarction and inflammation due to tissue injury, both are highly associated with the elevation of CRP level in human serum because CRP is the key element for inflammatory reaction. Thus, detection of CRP amount in human serum is highly recommended to analyze the disease activity (Ansar and Ghosh, 2013). Different methods have been proposed for varied
Conclusion
Currently, a powerful tool is much needed for the clinical diagnosis to recognize the degree of disease and assist to treat. Early detection is hence greatly desired to reduce the mortality rate among the disease risk population. Moreover, the fast and accurate result is needed for better treatment by the medical department or changing for a better lifestyle. The biosensor is the promising platform which has met with these demands. Albeit, point-of-care (POC) testing in the areas of diagnosing
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) of Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), grant number 9003-00629.
References (32)
- et al.
Clinical relevance of high sensitivity C-reactive protein in cardiology
Medicina
(2016) - et al.
Development of highly sensitive polysilicon nanogap with APTES/GOx based lab-on-chip biosensor to determine low levels of salivary glucose
Sens. Actuators A Phys.
(2014) - et al.
Polysilicon nanogap lab-on-chip facilitates multiplex analyses with single analyte
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2016) - et al.
Diagnostics on acute myocardial infarction: cardiac troponin biomarkers
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2015) - et al.
Progression in sensing cardiac troponin biomarker charge transductions on semiconducting nanomaterials
Anal. Chim. Acta
(2016) - et al.
High-sensitivity c-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease across countries and ethnicities
Clinics (Sao Paulo)
(2016) - et al.
Label-free detection of C-reactive protein using a carbon nanofiber based biosensor
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2014) - et al.
Electrochemical detection of c-reactive protein based on anthraquinone-labeled antibody using a screen-printed graphene electrode
Talanta
(2018) - et al.
Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of galangin in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia through regulation of IL-1β production and the NF-κB signaling pathways
Mol. Cell. Biochem.
(2018) - et al.
Improving sensitivity of a miniaturized label-free electrochemical biosensor using zigzag electrodes
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2018)
Signal enhancement in ELISA: biotin-streptavidin technology against gold nanoparticles
J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci.
A photothermal biosensor for detection of C-reactive protein in human saliva
Sens. Actuators B Chem.
Dynamic change of neural cell adhesion molecule polysialylation on human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) and rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells during growth and differentiation
J. Biol. Chem.
Biosensing methods for determination of triglycerides: a review
Biosens. Bioelectron.
Effect of pH on the adsorption and interactions of bovine serum albumin with functionalized silicon nitride surface
Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces
Self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles film stabilizing gold nanoparticles as a versatile platform for ultrasensitive detection of carcino-embryonic antigen
Biosens. Bioelectron.
Cited by (83)
Impedimetric transduction from a single-step thin film nanoporous aluminum oxide as a DNA sensing electrode
2024, Biochemical Engineering JournalA novel detection strategy for nitrofuran metabolite residues: Dual-mode competitive-type electrochemical immunosensor based on polyethyleneimine reduced graphene oxide/gold nanorods nanocomposite and silica-based multifunctional immunoprobe
2022, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :Compared to ordinary gold nanoparticles, AuNRs have greater electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and a bigger specific surface area. ( Chen et al., 2007; Letchumanan et al., 2019; Scholz et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2021). Based on the above advantages, we composited AuNRs with PEI-rGO in this work to enhance the electrochemical performance of the electrode, while coating antigen (SEM-BSA) can be attached to the electrode surface via covalent bonding.
Harnessing nanotechnology for cardiovascular disease applications - a comprehensive review based on bibliometric analysis
2022, Nano TodayCitation Excerpt :Nanomaterials that possess diverse intrinsic properties, such as magnetic or X-ray contrast ability, may be readily applied in clinical use with imaging technology such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) [11–13]. Based on its electric or photoluminescent characteristics, it may be utilized in biosensor applications for early CVD detection [14]. In addition to its material properties, the special advantage of nanomaterials lies in their nanoscale-size.