Archival ReportGenetic Overlap Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Evidence From Genome-wide Association Study Meta-analysis
Section snippets
Samples
Cases, controls, and family-based samples assembled for previous genome-wide Psychiatric Genomics Consortium analyses of individual-level data were included in the current analysis (13, 14). A description of individual study data contributions and genotyping platforms is included in Supplemental Tables S1A and S1B. The ADHD sample comprised 4609 cases and 8519 controls. The full BPD sample comprised 9650 cases and 12,844 controls. For tests of the age of onset hypothesis we restricted the BPD
SNP-Based Genetic Correlation
The SNP-based rG between ADHD and BPD was substantial and significant for both the full and age-restricted samples. Interestingly, the rG was higher for the age-restricted sample as compared with the full sample (rGfull = .64, SE = .02, p = 3.13 × 10–14; rGrestricted = .71, SE = .02, p = 4.09 × 10–16; Table 1).
Discussion
In this study, we set out to identify shared genetic risk factor for ADHD and BPD through cross-disorder meta-analysis of the existing GWAS samples from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. We hypothesized that overlap between the disorders might be most pronounced in BPD cases with an early age of onset, and that restricting the analysis to samples with an onset ≤21 years of age would increase the power of gene finding by reducing heterogeneity (8). Our findings clearly show the substantial
Acknowledgments and Disclosures
This work was supported by core funding for the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium provided by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (Grant No. U01 MH094421). This work was also supported by grants from the NIMH (Grant Nos. MH081804, MH078151, and MH59567 to JRK).
This work was carried out on the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of the SURF Foundation. We especially thank Willem Vermin (SURF Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) for his valuable support in the creating
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