Archival ReportRegional Brain Structural Dysmorphology in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Effects of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Alcoholism, and Age
Section snippets
Participants
The participants were 342 men and women (age-range matched 25–69 years): 110 alcoholics (ALC), 59 with HIV infection (HIV), 65 with HIV infection and alcoholism (HIV+ALC), and 108 normal control subjects unaffected by either disease. Of these 342 participants, 272 were drawn from our previous report on volume differences of the ventricular system and corpus callosum (48); the remaining 70 participants were newly recruited.
Cortical Volumes
A repeated-measures ANOVA (four groups by six cortical-region gray matter volumes) yielded a significant group effect [F(3,338) = 17.302, p = .0001] but no group by region interaction [F(15,1690) = 1.251, ns). Follow-up tests with Scheffé criterion (p ≤ .05) indicated volume deficits were present in the two alcoholic groups; all regions were affected except the calcarine cortex in ALC and all but the medial frontal and calcarine cortices in HIV+ALC (Figure 2). Despite showing a .3 to 1.0 SD
Discussion
The most profound and consistent volume deficits were identified in the two groups with alcohol use disorders. Regions showing volume abnormalities in both groups were the lateral frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices, insular and anterior cingulate cortices, thalamus, corpus callosum, and frontal sulci. By contrast, significant volume abnormalities selective to the alcoholism-only group included the medial frontal cortex, but those in the HIV-only group were limited to the
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2019, Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and NeuroimagingCitation Excerpt :For example, all three diagnostic patterns predicted the LM score (see Table 3) and consisted of regions closely linked to this brain function, namely, the hippocampus (68–70), thalamus (71,72), and posterior cingulate cortex (73,74). The hippocampus and thalamus have been identified as targets of AUD (75) and HIV (13,76,77), and AUD+HIV comorbidity has been shown to principally affect the thalamus (4,78). Cingulate volume is more frequently reported as compromised in the HIV literature relative to the AUD literature [e.g., (78–82)].
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2019, Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational ScienceCitation Excerpt :One possible approach to this dilemma is experimental control using factorial design with cohorts grouped by serostatus and/or specific substance dependence in the absence of other substance use confounds. Studies that exemplify this approach demonstrate synergistic effects of serostatus and alcoholism on white matter microstructure63 and macroarchitecture, particularly in those with AIDS defining events.64 A similar design, used to study effects of chronic HIV infection and tobacco smoking, found an HIV by smoking interaction on brain diffusivity, with a much larger effect size related to tobacco smoking.65