Inorganic ions in ambient fine particles over a National Park in central India: Seasonality, dependencies between SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+, and neutralization of aerosol acidity
Graphical abstract
Section snippets
Introduction and purpose
Across locations in the world, typically, water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and carbonaceous compounds (organic and elemental) constitute a major fraction of fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm also known as PM2.5) mass (Mandal et al., 2014, Squizzato et al., 2013). Inhalation of PM2.5 is reported to induce adverse health effects related to asthma, chronic bronchitis, heart diseases and respiratory diseases (e.g., Laden et al., 2000). However, the role of specific chemical
Sampling
This work formed one component of a comprehensive study aimed at the source apportionment of ambient fine PM (PM2.5) mass and an assessment of its radiative effects over Van Vihar National Park (VVNP), Bhopal located in Central India (Fig. 1). Co-located samples of fine PM were collected on various filter substrates to achieve the study objectives.
Chemical analyses
Samples collected on Teflo® filters were used for PM2.5 mass measurements in accordance with the Research Triangle Institute standard operating protocols (RTI, 2008) and details of mass measurement are discussed in Supplemental Text S1.
The samples collected on Nylasorb® membrane filters were used for quantitation of WSIIs by ion chromatography (IC). A Metrohm® 883 Basic IC Plus isocratic system was used for WSIIs analyses. The details of sample preparation and IC analyses for anions and cations
Data description and analyses
During the study period (January 2012 to December 2013), 332 Teflo® and 312 Nylasorb® filters were collected. Metrological parameters including temperature (˚C), wind speed (m/s), wind direction (˚), relative humidity (%), atmospheric pressure (hPa) and rainfall (mm) were recorded on all sampling days. Although 366 samples were to be collected as per the sampling schedule, a few filters were not collected due to pump failure, logistics and other operational issues.
The study period was
Statistical characterization
The summary statistics for fine PM mass and its WSIIs for the entire study duration (January 2012 to December 2013) are shown in Table 2. In this table, in addition to percentage missing values, percentage below detection limits (BDL) is also indicated. BDL corresponds to samples which were collected but whose concentrations were lower than the detection limits of the instrument/method by which the analytes were detected. In this table and all other summary statistics tables in the Supplemental
Conclusions
In response to the revised NAAQS and a general need to better understand the nature of fine PM over a National Park, a monitoring station was set-up at VVNP, Bhopal to measure PM2.5 mass and its chemical components. Samples were collected every other-day between January 2012 and December 2013. This study examined the temporal behavior of fine PM mass and its inorganic water soluble ionic constituents. The dependencies between major ionic species and their implications to neutralization of
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, to conduct this study through Project # MoES/16/09/10-RDEAS. Although this work was funded wholly by MoES, it does not necessarily reflect the views of the Ministry and no official endorsement should be inferred. The authors gratefully acknowledge the sanction and support received from the Director and all officials at Van Vihar National Park (VVNP), Bhopal
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