Back-trajectory analysis of African dust outbreaks at a coastal city in southern Spain: Selection of starting heights and assessment of African and concurrent Mediterranean contributions
Introduction
North Africa is widely considered as the Earth’s largest dust producing source, and the Sahara desert is identified as one of the major source areas of windblown dust in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g., Middleton and Goudie, 2001, Prospero et al., 2002). It is therefore of great interest to analyze and quantify the African dust impact on receptor areas. Indeed, a considerable literature is available on African dust transport being exported across the Mediterranean basin to Europe and the Middle East (e.g., Papayannis et al., 2005, Barkan et al., 2005, Griffin et al., 2007, Santese et al., 2008, Pey et al., 2013, Salvador et al., 2014), or even travelling for long distances such the Caribbean and the United States (Prospero et al., 2002, Bristow et al., 2010). African mineral dust has been extensively studied by different techniques such as in situ measurements at the receptor areas, remote sensing observations, model calculations, or aircraft measurements (Koren et al., 2006, Pérez et al., 2006, Querol et al., 2009, Johnson and Osborne, 2011, Cabello et al., 2012).
Due to the proximity to the African continent, the Iberian Peninsula is especially affected by those dust plumes, with a decreasing south to north impact (Cabello et al., 2012, Pey et al., 2013). Thus, there are a number of works devoted to the influence of African dust on health, air quality, ecosystem dynamics or climatic change in this area (Avila and Peñuelas, 1999, Artíñano et al., 2003, Querol et al., 2008, Pérez et al., 2012), as well as to the study of aerosol properties, or the mechanism of dust transport (Ávila et al., 1997, Escudero et al., 2005, Wagner et al., 2009). Rodríguez et al. (2001) and Escudero et al. (2007) reported the impact of dust-events at seventeen air quality monitoring stations in Southern and Eastern Spain and at the Spanish sites belonging to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) respectively. Furthermore, Escudero et al. (2007) suggested a methodology which is the basis for the Guidance proposed by the European Commission for demonstration and subtraction of exceedances attributable to African dust contribution to the PM10 burden (Commission staff working paper, 2011).
Back-trajectory analyses have a wide range of applications in the atmospheric and air quality fields, to identify transport pathways affecting a study site and determine potential source areas of air tracers. For instance, Moody and Galloway (1988) performed a trajectory cluster analysis to assess the influence of atmospheric transport on the precipitation chemistry. Other technique to identify source areas of air pollutants with back-trajectory analysis which involves air pollution data is the residence time analysis proposed by Ashbaugh et al. (1985). Since then, numerous researches have used these and other techniques on different atmospheric topics for the Iberian Peninsula (e.g., Jorba et al., 2004, Salvador et al., 2004; Cabello et al., 2008, Alarcón et al., 2010, Hernández-Ceballos et al., 2011, Orza et al., 2012).
Works on the characterization of African intrusions by in-situ and remote measurements often used back-trajectory analysis as a complementary tool to understand or assess the origin of the air masses (e.g., Escudero et al., 2005, Alonso-Pérez et al., 2012, Salvador et al., 2014). However, the present work reports a detailed study of back-trajectories at multiple heights to characterize African dust outbreaks in the city of Málaga, close to the northern part of the African continent. The use of many different arrival heights of the trajectories grants identifying the main pathways in a vertical profile of the air masses, and together with ground-level measurements, allows gaining better understanding of the atmospheric transport during African intrusions and its impact on the receptor area.
Section snippets
Study area
Málaga is located in southern Spain (Fig. 1), close to the African continent (about 120 km far from the closest north African point). With an area of 400 km2 and almost 570,000 inhabitants, it is the major coastal city of the Andalusia region and the sixth most populated city in Spain. The city lies on the Mediterranean coast, is situated in a two river valley (the Guadalhorce and the Guadalmedina rivers) and bordered to the north by a high mountain range. Due to the influence of the local
Overview of the air quality at the study site
The summary of the PM10 and gaseous pollutants descriptive statistics such as arithmetic mean (AM), geometric mean (GM), standard deviation (SD), skewness (SK), maximum (Max) and minimum (Min) values, coefficient of kurtosis (CK) and the coefficient of variation (CV) are given in Table 1. PM10 average is within the range found by Querol et al. (2008) during the period 1999–2005 for urban background locations in Spain (30–46 μg m−3). However, this is the only atmospheric pollutant which does not
Summary and conclusions
The analysis of back-trajectories at multiple heights and the use of a new procedure to find out the best suited starting heights for trajectory calculations have been applied, in combination with air quality and aerosol column properties, to contribute to a better understanding of the African dust outbreaks and their impact in the southern coast of Spain.
African dust laden air masses frequently reach the study area. Atmospheric transport models were used to identify African dust outbreaks,
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the regional air quality network of Andalucía as well as the regional agroclimatic network, for providing data. We thank F. J. Olmo and his staff for their effort in establishing and maintaining the Málaga AERONET station. The authors would like to thank the NOAA-Air Research Laboratory and the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), for the valuable information supplied. M. Cabello acknowledges valuable discussion with David Mateos and Ma Ángeles Burgos at RICTA 2015,
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