Importance of activity data for improving the residential wood combustion emission inventory at regional level
Highlights
► CATI method allows a detailed assessment of domestic wood use at the local level. ► Old appliances (open fireplace, traditional stove) are still widespread and used. ► Details on the type of appliances used are very important for PM emission assessment. ► Large variability of PM emission factors limits the reliability of local inventory. ► A great potential of PM emission reduction through appliance renewal is identified.
Introduction
Residential wood combustion (RWC) is widespread in many countries of Europe and its usage is increasing because biomass combustion represents a renewable source of energy. GHGs (greenhouse gases) emissions savings are expected when biomass substitutes fossil fuels and thus RWC is currently promoted in the framework of climate change mitigation policies.
The “Biomass Action Plan” of the European Commission set increasing targets of biomass use, because biomass has many advantages over conventional energy sources, as well as over some other renewable energies, such as “low costs, less dependence on short-term weather changes, promotion of regional economic structures and provision of alternative sources of income for farmers” (EC, 2005).
Nevertheless it has to be considered that RWC is an important source of both particulate matter (PM) and toxic air pollution around Europe (EEA, 2009, Hellén et al., 2008, Nussbaumer et al., 2008). In fact, in addition to a high level of primary PM emissions, RWC produces volatile organic compounds (VOC) with a high content of various toxic and carcinogenic compounds such as PAH and Dioxins (Lavric et al., 2004). Both PM and VOC have been proven to have important effects on human health (Zelikoff et al., 2002, Naeher et al., 2007).
The relevance of this emission source for air quality has been studied and confirmed in several European countries and with different methods using emission inventories, air quality data analysis, air quality modeling and source receptors modeling (Glasius et al., 2008, Favez et al., 2009).
Although numerous studies have highlighted the role of wood combustion in PM air concentration (Borrego et al., 2010, Caseiro et al., 2009, Glasius et al., 2006), only a few studies (i.e., Sternhufvud et al., 2004) use a bottom–up approach to calculate RWC emissions, due to the lack of information on activity data for this source (i.e., amount of wood and kind of appliances used at local scale).
Here, we investigate the contribution of RWC using a bottom–up approach. This approach focused on obtaining an accurate estimation of the activity and its spatial distribution. In detail, the purpose of this work is to develop a reliable methodology to evaluate one of the fundamental inputs required for the estimation of the contribution of this sector to local and regional emission inventory: i.e., the amount of wood used. Information on the appliances used was also acquired. The focus area is the Lombardy region, a highly industrialized area in Northern Italy with 9 million inhabitants, where wood combustion has been identified as a key source for particulate emissions (ARPA Lombardia, 2009, Piazzalunga et al., 2010).
Section snippets
Material and methods
The CATI method (Computer Aided Telephone Interview) has been used in the survey, and was carried out at the end of the winter season 2007/2008. A sample of 18,085 families, resident in the 11 provinces of Lombardy, was built by randomly choosing names in the telephone book of all households with a telephone line.
A two-stage stratified sampling method was used. The primary statistical units (the first stage of sampling) are the Lombardy municipalities, while the secondary statistical units
Wood consumption
The survey has assessed the total domestic wood consumption in Lombardy to be about 1.57 million tons. The sampling methodology and the large number of interviews have resulted in low statistical errors, because the 95% confidence interval is between 1.42 and 1.72 Mt y−1.
RWC is used by 598,000 households (16.4% out of the total in Lombardy region). Households where wood is burned at least five times per year are 71.4% of total households burning wood, with an average consumption of 3.68
Conclusions
An RWC activity survey was undertaken in order to obtain information useful for the development of high quality emission inventory at the local and regional scale and to provide input data to air quality modeling and planning.
A CATI survey based on 18,000 interviews was carried out at a local level in the Lombardy region, allowing a better insight into the pattern of wood consumption activity and its spatial distribution in the region and at provincial and municipal level. 55 areas,
Acknowledgment
The research took place in the framework of the Collaborative Research Project for Air Pollution Reduction in Lombardia (2006–2010) between the Lombardy Region and European Commission’s Joint Research Center located in Ispra, Italy.
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