Integrated control of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt in Central Europe by trap crop cultivation, sugar beet variety choice and nematicide application

doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.11.017

Applied Soil Ecology

Volume 99, March 2016, Pages 62-69

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.11.017 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Nematode resistant mustard did not reduce H. schachtii any better than straw mulch.
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Highest nematode reduction was achieved by growing a resistant sugar beet variety.
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Harvest date influenced population dynamics of H. schachtii regardless of variety.
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Trap crops and nematicide application did not affect sugar yield.
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Sugar yield of all varieties declined with increasing initial nematode population.

Abstract

An integrated strategy is required to control the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii which causes severe yield losses in sugar beet. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of trap crop cultivation (nematode resistant mustard, crop mixture (Trifolium alexandrinum L., Lupinus angustifolius L., Pisum sativum L., Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Guizotia abyssinica (L.F.) Cass., Avena strigosa Schreb., Vicia sativa L.), straw mulch as control), nematicide application before sugar beet sowing and sugar beet variety (susceptible, tolerant or resistant to H. schachtii) on population dynamics of H. schachtii and sugar yield. Field experiments were conducted in eight environments (site × year) located in Northern Germany in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. An insufficient trap crop dry matter yield (1.1–2.5 t ha⁻¹) mostly led to non-significant trap crop effects on the nematode population whereas in one environment a high dry matter yield of mustard (3.3 t ha⁻¹) resulted in a nematode reduction of 40%. However, there were no significant differences to the straw mulch control. The nematicide application had no effect on nematode reproduction. In contrast, population dynamics of H. schachtii were strongly influenced by the sugar beet variety and the initial nematode population (Pi_SB). The highest reduction of 70% was achieved when a resistant sugar beet variety was grown, while the tolerant and susceptible varieties increased the nematode population in most environments. There was evidence that the sugar beet harvest date can highly influence population dynamics of H. schachtii. Sugar yield was influenced by variety and Pi_SB, but not by trap crop cultivation or nematicide application. Sugar yield decreased with increasing Pi_SB for all varieties. The resistant and tolerant varieties did not differ in sugar yield and response to H. schachtii, while the susceptible showed the steepest decline in sugar yield with increasing Pi_SB. The cultivation of the resistant sugar beet variety can be clearly suggested with respect to sugar yield and nematode control because all other tested factors failed to control the nematode population.

Introduction

The sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii Schmidt is a severe problem for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production in Central Europe (Müller, 1999). The nematode is prevalent in many sugar beet growing regions, especially in fields where sugar beet is cultivated in a narrow crop rotation. High nematode population densities may cause substantial sugar yield losses (Heijbroek et al., 2002, Heinrichs, 2011, Kenter et al., 2014). Apart from cultivation of non-host crops, growing of nematode resistant trap crops such as oil radish (Raphanus sativus L. spp. oleiformis Pers.) or mustard (Sinapis alba L.) together with tolerant or resistant sugar beet varieties are possible management strategies to combat H. schachtii. Resistance is defined as the ability of a plant to limit nematode reproduction relative to a plant lacking such resistance (Müller, 1989, Yu and Steele, 1981). Tolerance is related to limited yield suppression compared to a susceptible plant (Müller, 1998), without reducing the nematode reproduction. Growing tolerant sugar beet varieties may help to maintain a high yield for several years, but an increase in the nematode population over time is likely (Daub and Westphal, 2012, Krüssel and Warnecke, 2014). This is problematic because tolerant varieties can also react with decreasing yield at high disease pressure (Hauer et al., 2015). Resistant sugar beet varieties are reported to have a reduced yield potential (Bundessortenamt, 2013) and are thus rarely used by sugar beet growers (Märländer et al., 2003), although they have a high potential to reduce the nematode population (Heijbroek et al., 2002). However, Hauer et al. (2015) showed that resistant and tolerant varieties displayed a similar high yield under varying nematode infestation levels, and the yield of both varieties decreased along with increasing nematode population.

Trap crops are cultivated before sugar beet on more than 40% of the German sugar beet cropping areas (Buhre et al., 2014), often to reduce the nematode population, but also to improve yield. The efficacy of resistant trap crops to control nematodes depends on the development of a trap crop stand producing sufficiently high biomass and rooting density. A prerequisite to establish adequate trap crop stands is an early sowing date immediately after harvest of the previous crop (pre-crop) in late July or early August. However, under conditions typical for Germany or other parts of Central Europe early sowing can be impaired by delayed harvest of winter wheat frequently grown as sugar beet pre-crop. In addition, unfavorable weather conditions in autumn such as dry or cold periods will negatively affect trap crop growth and, therefore, the nematode reduction effect. Under favorable conditions, the reduction of the nematode population can be up to 70% (Heinrichs, 2011). However, great differences can occur depending on the trap crop variety and environmental conditions (Niere, 2009, Smith et al., 2004). Cultivating trap crop mixtures consisting of different plant species is becoming more and more popular due to European policy. Since 2014, direct payments to farmers within the common agricultural policy can be linked to cultivation of catch crops consisting of at least two different species (Schmidt et al., 2014). However, little is known about the effect of crop mixtures on population dynamics of H. schachtii.

Another tool to control nematodes could be the application of nematicides. In Europe, nematicides are not registered for use in sugar beets whereas in several other countries various pests in different crops are controlled by e.g., nematicides containing the active ingredient Abamectin. In a review by Cabrera et al. (2013), the high efficacy of Abamectin in controlling a wide range of plant parasitic nematodes is shown. Furthermore, a nematicide application follows an integrated approach to control the nematode population: if a resistant trap crop fails to reduce the nematode population, an alternative control strategy comprising the application of nematicides will become necessary.

The objectives of this study were to test the effect of (i) trap crop (ii) sugar beet variety and (iii) nematicide application on nematode population dynamics, and (iv) to identify the most favorable combination of these factors with respect to sugar yield and nematode control. Therefore, a series of field experiments was conducted in eight environments located in Northern Germany representative for sugar beet cultivation in Central Europe.

Section snippets

Site description and treatments

Eight field experiments were carried out in environments (site × year) with different initial nematode infestation located in Northern Germany in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 (Table 1). The pre-crop was either winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the straw was left in the field. Two trap crop treatments were established immediately after pre-crop harvest in July or August and straw mulch without trap crop was used as a control. Each treatment was replicated

Effect of trap crop cultivation on population dynamics of H. schachtii

The effect of trap crop cultivation on reproduction factors strongly depended on Pi_TC (Fig. 1). At Pi_TC < 500 eggs and juveniles per 100 g soil (E + J), the deviation of the reproduction factors was much higher than at Pi_TC > 500 E + J. Furthermore, in case of Pi_TC < 500 E + J, all trap crop treatments increased the nematode population, while at Pi_TC between 500 and 1000 E + J, the nematode population was suppressed, but no significant differences between trap crop treatments occurred. Above 1000 E + J, the

Discussion

In general, populations dynamics of H. schachtii are highly dependent on Pi (Daub and Westphal, 2012, Niere, 2009). At low Pi, the standard deviation of reproduction factors is very high, while at very high Pi (>2000 E + J), deviations of calculated reproduction factors are usually small (Krüssel and Warnecke, 2014). Thus, statistical differences between treatments – if apparent – can be determined more easily at high infestation levels. H. schachtii appears especially in regions where sugar beet

Conclusions

Establishing an adequate trap crop stand after winter cereal harvest was difficult under Northern German cropping conditions. Thus, a significant reduction of the nematode population by cultivation of resistant mustard compared to a straw mulch control was not achieved in this study. Application of a nematicide before sugar beet sowing did also not affect population dynamics of H. schachtii. Effective nematode control was possible by cultivation of a resistant sugar beet variety with a

Acknowledgements

The financial support for this study was provided by Nordzucker AG and Syngenta Agro GmbH. We also thank the local farm managers for conducting our experiments on their fields and the staff of IfZ for excellent technical assistance.

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Integrated control of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt in Central Europe by trap crop cultivation, sugar beet variety choice and nematicide application

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Site description and treatments

Effect of trap crop cultivation on population dynamics of H. schachtii

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Field Crops Res.

Appl. Soil Ecol.

Einfluss von Fruchtfolge, chemischen und biologischen Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen auf die Befallsentwicklung von Rübennematoden (Heterodera schachtii) und den Zuckerrübenertrag

Gesunde Pflanz

Survey on production technology—regional differences in sugar beet production

Sugar Ind.

Beschreibende Sortenliste Getreide, Mais, Öl- und Faserpflanzen, Leguminosen, Rüben, Zwischenfrüchte

Beschreibende Sortenliste Getreide, Mais, Öl- und Faserpflanzen, Leguminosen, Rüben, Zwischenfrüchte

Efficacy of abamectin seed treatment on Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera schachtii

J. Plant Dis. Protect.

Properties and nematicide performance of avermectins

J. Phytopathol.

Integrated nematode management at crop rotation systems with sugar beets

Sugar Ind.

Penetration, development, and reproduction of Heterodera schachtii on Fagopyrum esculentum, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Raphanus sativus, Sinapis alba, and Brassica oleracea

J. Nematol.

Factors affecting the biology and pathogenicity of Heterodera schachtii on Sugarbeet

J. Nematol.

The effect of different levels of beet cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii) and beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) on single and double resistant sugar beet cultivars

Eur. J. Plant Pathol.

Biological control of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera Schachtii

Gesunde Pflanz.

Long-term development of a population of Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt) influenced by production methods

Bodenkultur

International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis

Methods Book