American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Special articleOrthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 7: Facial analysis before the advent of the cephalometer
Section snippets
Definitions
Ever since Camper investigated prognathism craniometrically in 1791, anthropologists (those who specialize in the study of human beings) have been interested in the ethnographic (relating to cultures) determination of facial form and pattern. Using anthropometrics (the measurement of man), anthropologists found the human head a fertile source of information because of the relatively little change in the bony parts as a result of death. As a specialized part of anthropometrics, the study of the
Renaissance to the 20th century
The analysis of facial proportions reached a climax in the studies of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; Italian) (Fig 1) and Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528; German) (Fig 2). Da Vinci demonstrated the projection of a coordinate or grid system on the face of a horseman. Dürer used a coordinate system to demonstrate differences in the long, narrow face and the broad face, and showed how the proclined facial contour differed from the retroclined configuration by a change in the angle between the vertical
Discovery of x-rays
Wilhelm C. Roentgen (1845-1923) a German physicist, made his discovery in 1895 when by chance he noticed that a phosphor screen near a vacuum tube through which he was passing an electric current fluoresced brightly, even when shielded by opaque cardboard. For this he received the first Nobel Prize for Physics.9
Influence of art
In 1900 Angle was seeking a rule for facial form that he could give his students. On approaching Edmund H. Wuerpel (1866-1958), an art teacher at the Washington University School of Fine
Development
The forerunner of the cephalometer—the Reserve craniostat (after Western Reserve University)—was developed by T. Wingate Todd (1885-1938), who did more than any other nondentist of modern times to advance orthodontics. Born in Sheffield, England, Todd began his career as a surgeon and demonstrator, but became interested in anatomy, especially skeletal development. In 1912 he was called to the US to become professor of anatomy at Western Reserve University Medical School. In 1920 he was
Craniofacial growth studies
In the early years, the cephalometer was primarily a research tool. Through the medium of serially produced and accurately oriented cephalograms, orthodontists could now see the total development pattern, or they could study changes in one or more parts of the face over a circumscribed length of time.16 It gave investigators an extension of their senses so they could see what was “inside.”
Gustav Korkhaus (1885-1978) (Fig 7), internationally revered scientist and patriarch of German
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Orthodontics and dento-facial orthopedics–past, present, and futurePart 2
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Cited by (22)
History of imaging in orthodontics from Broadbent to cone-beam computed tomography
2015, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsCitation Excerpt :The impact of Atkinson's observation on Broadbent is evident in his 1937 paper. Significantly, in 1922, August A. J. Pacini and Carrera received an award from the American Roentgen Ray Society for their thesis based on obtaining the first radiographs of the skull.1,2,5 Although an early technique with limitations, it was nevertheless a milestone in craniofacial imaging.
Evaluation of Ricketts' and Bolton's growth prediction algorithms embedded in two diagnostic imaging and cephalometric software
2015, Journal of the World Federation of OrthodontistsCitation Excerpt :The longitudinal data of the Bolton Study in particular helped form many of the principles of craniofacial growth and developmental [2]. During this research movement, the investigator proposed the idea of downward and forward face development and the establishment of the pattern of the head and face at an early age [3]. Eventually, those that thought they had a mastery of growth also believed they could wield this knowledge and apply it to the prediction of growth.
Accuracy and reliability of 2D cephalometric analysis in orthodontics
2014, Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentaria e Cirurgia MaxilofacialCitation Excerpt :By means of craniometrics, direct measurement on dry skulls was used extensively to determine their characteristic relationship to gender, body type, or genetic population, until the discovery of X-rays and the introduction of cephalometry. Lateral cephalometry radiography (LCR) was introduced simultaneously by a German dentist, Hofrath, and an American dentist, Broadbent, in 1931.1 It has been tremendously used in craniofacial analysis, and as a standard tool in orthodontics.2
Anterior cranial-base time-related changes: A systematic review
2014, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsUsing LOINC to link 10 terminology standards to one unified standard in a specialized domain
2012, Journal of Biomedical InformaticsCitation Excerpt :Cephalometrics are measurements (angles and linear distances) defined by anatomical points as measured on X-ray film of the human head taken in a standardized manner. Some authors credit the scientist and painter Petrus Camper (1722–1789) or even earlier artists for originating cephalometric studies [5]. Most trace modern cephalometry to the efforts of Herbert Hofrath (1899–1952) in Germany and B.H. Broadbent, Sr., (1894–1977) in the United States, who simultaneously introduced radiography to the standardized study of facial skeletons and teeth.
Correlations between cephalometric and photographic measurements of facial attractiveness in Chinese and US patients after orthodontic treatment
2009, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsCitation Excerpt :Certainly, photographs are much closer to the natural state of the subject than are lateral cephalograms. However, techniques for quantitative measurement of facial photographs and standardization of photographic orientation are much less well advanced in orthodontics.33-38 Ranking methods such as the one that we used are useful for the conduct of studies such as this one.