Crash characteristics of older pedestrian fatalities: Dementia pathology may be related to ‘at risk’ traffic situations
Introduction
Older people (i.e. those over the age of 65 years) make up less than 13% of the population yet account for about 32% of all pedestrian deaths (ATSB, 2002a). While there has been an overall decrease in pedestrian deaths per capita in recent years, the rate of decline varies by age. For older pedestrians, the decline has been significantly less. There are a number of factors that may contribute to this including the fact that they do not survive their injuries as well as younger people. The mortality rates for people over 65 years exceed those for younger people for comparative injury severity (McCoy et al., 1989). More older pedestrians die (44.6%) as a result of their injuries compared to 10.4% of younger pedestrians (Sklar et al., 1989).
Changing demographics are such that there are relatively more older people than previously in the community, and this may also influence the exposure of older pedestrians. Unless a proactive approach to this problem is adopted, the numbers of older pedestrians killed and injured can only be expected to grow given the rapid ageing of the population. At the turn of the 19th century, 4% of the Australian population was over 65 years of age. By 1998, the percentage of older people had risen to 12.2%, and by 2051 it is estimated to reach 24.2% (ABS, 1999a). In NSW alone, there will be approximately 1.8 million older people by 2041, which reflects a 144% increase since 1995 (Henderson and Jorm, 1998). These increases in the aged population are common to most western countries and Australia shows trends similar to that seen in Canada, the USA, and New Zealand (ABS, 1999b); European countries, including the UK, show slightly higher levels.
Exposure of older pedestrians is also influenced by the fact that walking is the primary mode of transport among many of these road users. Keall (1995) reported that the percentage of travel time spent walking is highest for people over 65 years.
To develop effective countermeasures for reducing older pedestrian casualty numbers, there is a need to better understand the causative factors for these crash types. Studies investigating these factors in the past often cite cognitive decline as having a possible contributory role (Fildes and Corben, 1994, OECD, 2001, Rouse, 2002, Oxley, 2002, ATSB, 2002a). A potential contributory role for cognitive decline in the behaviour of older pedestrians has also been demonstrated in comparisons of road crossing behaviour between older and younger people (Oxley et al., 1997, Oxley et al., 2001). However, there has been little formal study of associations between cognitive decline and older pedestrians.
Cognitive ability is known to decrease as part of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. In Australia, approximately 6% of people over the age of 65 years and nearly 25% of people over 85 years have diagnosed dementia (Henderson and Jorm, 1998). Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for about 60% of these cases. Additionally, there are many people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), who are functionally affected but do not meet criteria for dementia (Busse et al., 2003, Fisk et al., 2003, Graham et al., 1997, Ritchie et al., 2001). Mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease affect brain functions such as complex attentional processes, secondary memory, accessing of word knowledge, visuospatial ability and some forms of abstract reasoning and problem solving, some of which will be vital for safe pedestrian behaviour.
We have previously examined the brains of a sample of older people who died in pedestrian accidents in the Sydney metropolitan area and found that they have increased neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, compared to older people who died of other causes (Gorrie et al., 2006). In the current study, we have examined the crash characteristics of the same sample and tried to identify which particular traffic situations have a higher risk for older people with possible cognitive impairment, as indicated by high levels of NFT pathology.
Section snippets
Study design
This study examines crash characteristics of fatally injured older pedestrians in the Sydney metropolitan area. The first part of the study describes the characteristics of these older pedestrian crashes. The second part examines possible associations between crash characteristics and the level of dementia pathology as previously determined for these pedestrians (Gorrie et al., 2006).
Subjects
Subjects comprised 52 pedestrians (24M:28F) aged between 65 and 93 years (mean 77.7 ± 7.3 years) who died
Sample characteristics
This sample consisted of 52 pedestrians (24M:28F) aged between 65 and 93 years (mean ± S.D.; 77.7 ± 7.3 years). The mean age for male pedestrians (77.5 ± 7.2 years) and female pedestrians (77.8 ± 7.4 years) was not significantly different (Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.83).
All subjects died as a result of being struck by a motor vehicle or bicycle while walking. The cause of death recorded by the coroner for pedestrians was multiple injuries (35), head injuries (11), spinal injury (1) and complications
Crash characteristics
The walking patterns and fatality characteristics for the older pedestrians in this Sydney study were consistent to that reported nationally for Australia (ATSB, 2002a, Oxley, 1998, Fildes et al., 1994, RTA, 2002) and for other western countries (Alexander et al., 1990, Fontaine and Gourlet, 1997). The majority of older pedestrian crashes occurred on dry fine weekday mornings, on straight sealed urban roads and close to the person's residence. This coincides with the expected walking patterns
Conclusions
While much has been studied about the effects of cognitive decline in older motor vehicle drivers and how it affects their performance and safety on the road (Dobbs, 1997, Fitten et al., 1995, Friedland et al., 1988, Rizzo et al., 1997, Rizzo et al., 2001), relatively little attention has been paid to older pedestrians. This is despite the fact that in absolute terms, older pedestrians constitute a much greater percentage of pedestrian casualties than older drivers among all driver casualties (
Acknowledgments
Funding from the Motor Accidents Authority, NSW, supported this study. We would like to thank the staff at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Central Sydney Laboratory Services and the Office of the New South Wales State Coroner, Sydney for their invaluable contribution to this study. We gratefully acknowledge the families who gave their consent for the inclusion of subjects in this study.
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