Change in shape of hysteresis loop during cyclic deformation on austenitic stainless steel single crystals oriented for single slip

doi:10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00150-4

Scripta Materialia

Volume 37, Issue 7, 1 October 1997, Pages 963-968

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00150-4 Get rights and content

Abstract

The results of fatigue experiments on Fe-19Ni-llCr alloy single crystals under several plastic strain amplitudes can be summarized as follows.

1.
(1) Under the plastic resolved shear strain amplitudes ranged from l x 10₃ to 5 x lO₃, the shape of hysteresis loop, which is evaluated by a Bauschinger energy parameter β., changes with cyclic hardening. The specimens experience a period where the β₃. value decreases rapidly.
2.
(2) SEM observations after the experiments revealed that the fatigue cracks were nucleated at the localized slip bands showing the extrusions.
3.
(3) The rapid reduction in the value seems to be coincident with the nucleation of the localized slip bands. Hence, the prediction of fatigue crack initiation can be realized by detecting the maximum of the β₃ value.

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By analyzing the formation mechanisms of different types of dislocation patterns, one unified factor is developed to account for effects of slip mode and further explore the basic law of dislocation evolution in fatigued face-centered cubic (fcc) crystals. First of all, in the formation of persistent slip band (PSB) ladders, geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) accommodate the elastic/plastic strain gradients between the hard walls and soft channels and provide the long-range internal stresses required for the simultaneous compatible deformation of soft and hard regions. In typical wavy-slip materials, advanced dislocation patterns include the wall, cell and labyrinth structures. The formation of deformation band (DB) walls may be derived from the accumulation of GNDs. The appearance of labyrinth and cell structures should be related to the activation of critical and coplanar secondary slip systems, respectively. In typical planar-slip materials, the dislocation structures consist of the dipole arrays and stacking fault (SF) bands. The constant compression of the split distance between partials will lead to the conversion of the closely spaced dipole array to the SF bands, which indicates that both wavy-slip and planar-slip materials follow one unified evolution factor. This factor, labelled $α$ in this work, may be described as the ratio of the annihilation distance of screw dislocations to the split distance between partials, which can characterize the slip mode. The higher the $α$ value is, the easier will be the appearance of PSBs and various advanced dislocation patterns. With decreasing the $α$ value, dislocation evolution gradually changes from 3D patterns to 2D structures.
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However, fcc alloy single crystals have their characters of the cyclic deformation behaviors. In the classical textbook “Fatigue of Materials”, Suresh [16] systematically summarized the research results of different kinds of fcc crystals in the past three decades [18,31,40,71,97–103], as listed in Table 3. At room temperature the saturation plateau stresses of copper, nickel single crystals are 27.5 MPa and 50 MPa, respectively, while the saturation plateau stress of silver single crystal is only 20 MPa [83].
This paper systematically summarizes the cyclic deformation behaviors of different kinds of face-centered cubic (fcc) single crystals, including copper, nickel, silver, as well as copper–aluminium, copper–zinc alloys in attempt to provide a historical perspective of the developments over the last several decades. Combined with plenty of previous research results, the influencing factors on cyclic deformation behaviors can be listed as follows: orientations, stacking fault energy (SFE), short-range order (SRO) and friction stress, or more generally, the ease of cross slip. Among them, the effect of orientations mainly reflects in the formation of the complex dislocation patterns, which depends on the activating secondary slip system. According to the effect of slip mode, the materials can be divided into two types: pure metals and alloys. For pure fcc metals, the effect of SFE is decisive. Due to the easy cross slip of screw dislocations, regular dislocation arrangements, e.g. veins, persistent slip bands (PSBs), labyrinth and cell patterns, are always to form. With increase in alloying element, antiphase boundary energy gradually replaces SFE to become a new decisive factor affecting the cyclic deformation behaviors of fcc alloy single crystals. The corresponding dislocation arrangements consist of dipole array and stacking faults (SFs) under the influence of planar slip. The relationship among several factors is well explained, which will help us better understand the nature of the fatigue damage of metallic materials and then improve the performance of the related materials.
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2005, Materials Science and Engineering: A
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Change in shape of hysteresis loop during cyclic deformation on austenitic stainless steel single crystals oriented for single slip

Abstract

Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Acta Metall.

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