Méthodologie
Évaluer le bien-être subjectif : la place des émotions dans les psychothérapies positives: Measuring subjective well-being: place of the emotions in positive psychotherapies

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1155-1704(07)78392-1Get rights and content

Résumé

La psychologie positive est l’étude scientifique des expériences positives, du bien-être et du fonctionnement optimal de l’individu. Elle vise à dépasser la centration fréquente en psychologie clinique sur la souffrance, sa résolution ou sa réduction. Son objectif est de rendre le patient plus heureux grâce à la compréhension et l’investissement de trois voies : une existence plaisante, engagée et pleine de sens. Pour une approche scientifique de chacun de ces domaines, il est nécessaire de disposer de mesures valides et pratiques adaptées à un cadre clinique. En pratique, il est souhaitable d’évaluer séparément les facettes constituant le concept de « bien-être subjectif », notamment l’humeur et les émotions, afin d’étudier au mieux l’efficacité de la psychothérapie positive. L’objectif de cette étude est de développer en France une Mesure de la Valence Émotionnelle (MVE) basée sur le modèle du bien-être proposé par Diener. Pour développer cet outil, un questionnaire de fréquence des émotions a été construit et proposé à 571 participants. La version finale de la mesure est composée de 23 items organisés en six ensembles, constituant chacun une échelle à part entière. La consistance est satisfaisante, de même que les secteurs de la validité qui ont été éprouvés. Les six facettes émotionnelles sont divisées en deux facteurs d’ordre supérieur, l’un positif, l’autre négatif. Le bien-être subjectif était, de façon surprenante, rarement mesuré en psychopathologie. Cette absence était regrettable, la présence d’émotions positives, l’absence d’émotions négatives et une évaluation de son sentiment de satisfaction et d’accomplissement, étant des composantes du bien-être importantes même pour les patients les plus en souffrance. Nous proposons un instrument d’évaluation du bien-être adapté au cadre clinique.

Summary

Positive psychology is the scientific study of positive experiences, well-being and optimal functioning. Positive psychotherapy aims to broaden the focus of clinical psychology beyond suffering and its direct alleviation. Its goal is to make patient happier by understanding and building three ways: pleasant life, engaged life, and meaningful life. For each of these constructs, there is a need of valid and practical assessment tools appropriate for the clinical setting. It is desirable to assess separate facets of subjective well-being, including moods and emotions. The indicators of subjective well-being can be used for the evaluation of positive psychotherapy effectiveness. The purpose of this study was the development of a French emotional valence measure (EVM) based on the Diener model of subjective well-being. We performed a questionnaire survey of emotion frequency in 571 participants, and developed EVM. The final version consists of only 23 items grouped into six response sets, each with its own scale. Reliability is good, and validity is, to some extent, established. The six domains of emotions are divided into two second-order factors. One is the positive and the other is the negative. Subjective well-being was strangely, seldom measured in psychopathology. Considering the components of well-being – the presence of positive emotion, the absence of negative emotion, and a cognitive judgment of satisfaction and fulfilment – and its subjective importance to even the most troubled individuals, this omission was regrettable. We proposed a tool that is a reliable and valid measure for well-being assessment in clinical setting.

Références (65)

  • E. Diener

    Traits Can Be Powerful, but Are Not Enough: Lessons from Subjective Well-Being

    Journal of Research in Personality

    (1996)
  • B. Egloff

    The independence of positive and negative affect depends on the affect measure

    Personality and Individual Differences

    (1998)
  • J.M. Zelenski et al.

    The Distribution of Basic Emotions in Everyday Life: A State and Trait Perspective from Experience Sampling Data

    Journal of Research in Personality

    (2000)
  • A.T. Church et al.

    Language and Organisation of Filipino Emotion Concepts: Comparing Emotion Concepts and Dimensions across Cultures

    Cognition and Emotion

    (1998)
  • A.T. Church et al.

    The Structure of Affect in a Non-Western Culture: Evidence for Cross-Cultural Comparability

    Journal of Personality

    (1999)
  • W.C. Compton

    Measures of mental health and a five factor theory of personality

    Psychological Reports

    (1998)
  • P.T. Costa et al.

    Influence of Extraversion and Neuroticism on Subjective Well-Being: Happy and Unhappy People

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1980)
  • J.P. David et al.

    Differential Roles of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Event Desirability for Mood in Daily Life: An Integrative Model of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Influences

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1997)
  • B. De Raad et al.

    Traits and Emotions: A Review of their Structure and Management

    European Journal of Personality

    (2000)
  • K.M. Deneve et al.

    The Happy Personality: A Meta-Analysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective Well-Being

    Psychological Bulletin

    (1998)
  • E. Diener et al.

    The Satisfaction With Life Scale

    Journal of Personality Assessment

    (1985)
  • E. Diener et al.

    The Independance of Positive and Negative Affect

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1985)
  • E. Diener et al.

    Intensity and Frequency: Dimensions Underlying Positive and Negative Affect

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1985)
  • E. Diener et al.

    Temporal stability and crosssituational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1984)
  • E. Diener et al.

    Subjective Well-Being Is Essential to Well-Being

    Psychological Inquiry

    (1998)
  • E. Diener et al.

    The Personality Structure of Affect

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1995)
  • E. Diener et al.

    Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress

    Psychological Bulletin

    (1999)
  • E. Diener

    guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being

    Journal of Happiness Studies

    (2006)
  • E. Diener

    Subjective Well-Being

    Psychological Bulletin

    (1984)
  • A.L. Duckworth et al.

    Positive psychology in clinical practice

    Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

    (2005)
  • M. Eid et al.

    Intraindividual Variability in Affect: Reliability, Validity, and Personality Correlates

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1999)
  • G. Fava

    Well-being therapy: Conceptual and technical issues

    Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics

    (1999)
  • G.J. Feist et al.

    Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Structural Models of Subjective Well-Being: A Longitudinal Investigation

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1995)
  • L. Feldman Barrett et al.

    Mental representations of affect knowledge

    Cognition and Emotion

    (2001)
  • L. Feldman Barrett et al.

    Independence and Bipolarity in the Structure of Current Affect

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (1998)
  • S. Folkman et al.

    Coping: Pitfalls and Promise

    Annual Review of Psychology

    (2004)
  • S. Folkman et al.

    Positive Affect and the Other Side of Coping

    American Psychologist

    (2000)
  • M.W. Fordyce

    A review of research on the happiness measures: a sixty-second index of happiness and mental health

    Social Indicators Research

    (1988)
  • M.W. Fordyce

    Development of a program to increase personal happiness

    Journal of Counselling Psychology

    (1977)
  • B.L. Frederickson et al.

    Positive emotions broaden scope of attention and thought-action repertoires

    Cognition & Emotion

    (2005)
  • B.L. Frederickson et al.

    Positive emotions trigger upwards spirals toward emotional well-being

    Psychological Science

    (2002)
  • B.L. Frederickson et al.

    What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

    (2003)
  • Cited by (7)

    • Evaluating the contribution of nature to well-being: The case of ecosystem services related to fish-farming ponds in France

      2022, Ecological Economics
      Citation Excerpt :

      The “Positive and Negative Affect Scales” of Watson et al. (1988) or the “Day Reconstruction Method” of the OECD (2014) may also be noted here. These approaches should be combined rather than opposed (Moser, 2009) in order to identify correlations (Antoine et al., 2007) and inconsistencies. Whilst cognitive approaches might be biased, for instance, depending on the time of the survey or the mood of the respondent (Kahneman and Krueger, 2006), studying the net result of emotions might be more accurate but is more difficult and may be biased by memory problems.

    • Cognitive behavior therapy and positive serious play: A pilot comparative study

      2017, Journal de Therapie Comportementale et Cognitive
    • Fostering Development in Midlife and Older Age: A Positive Psychology Perspective

      2023, Fostering Development in Midlife and Older Age: A Positive Psychology Perspective
    View all citing articles on Scopus
    View full text