Review ArticleHealthy Youth Development as a Model for Youth Health Promotion: A Review
Section snippets
Link Between Stress, Resilience, and Development
The developmental research of the 1970s and 1980s explored discrete aspects of adolescent development: physiological, cognitive, social, and moral. There was a search to identify universal markers of development; however, it has become increasingly clear through the work of Bandura [5], Harter [6], and others that development does not occur independent of environment. Rather, it represents the adaptation of the individual to the environments in which he or she lives. Within such an interactive
Origins of the Concept of Risk
Over the past 2 decades, we have come to use two very different concepts in a nearly interchangeable manner. Specifically, we talk about the “at-risk” teenager while concurrently talking about adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Within a risk and resilience framework, risk factors refer less to outcome behaviors and more to factors that limit the likelihood of successful development, whereas risk-taking focus on the behaviors themselves. In the health sector, the principles of epidemiology flow
Stress: The Subjective Experience of Risk
If risk consists of events and mechanisms that diminish the likelihood of successful development, then stress is the personal interpretation and subjective experience of risk. Cofer and Appley defined stress as “a state where well-being (or integrity) of an individual is endangered and he must devote all his energy to its protection” [19].
What makes an event stressful is its capacity to change an individual’s usual activity. Stress demands a response. The extent of the response, as well as the
Issues in the Measurement of Risk and Resilience
Risk, stress, and resilience are all multidimensional concepts. How one measures each will significantly influence findings and research results. Measurement of risk has included global measures, stress measures, and life events scales. Global measures include dimensions such as poverty, which was used by Werner and Smith in their study of the children of Kauai [21]. As Gore and Eckenrode [22]noted, however, there are a number of problems in using a measure such as poverty.
First, the meaning of
Factors Associated With Risk and Resilience
Despite the conceptual and measurements issues, there have been a number of consistent findings across a wide variety of studies that have explored risk and protective factors in the following environmental situations: poverty, abusive families, alcoholic families, homelessness, chronic illness/disability, teen mother, and juvenile delinquency. Table 1 summarizes the most consistent of those findings.
Developing Interventions Based on a Risk and Resilience Model
The construct of resilience is closely linked with prevention in that knowledge of what places an individual or group at risk for a certain negative outcome, and of factors that might buffer such a risk, could possibly enable us to develop programs that enhance resilience and minimize risk.
Some strategies (e.g., life skills training) are person centered; resilience is system centered. The social development model builds upon the life skills approach, but it both acknowledges the need for
Cascade Passagen [38]
Cascade Passagen began as a program for juvenile prostitutes in Receife, Brazil. The center does not define its participants by their behavior, nor does it try to fix them, but rather taps the inherent energy and skill of young people through dance, music, and performance.
Involving close to 50 adolescent females (some as young as 11 or 12 years of age), the center’s director recruited dance instructors and musicians to volunteer their time and skill to develop a precision dance troupe that has
Conclusion
The World Health Organization [42]described health as not merely the absence of illness, but a positive sense of well-being. Similarly, resilience is not merely the absence of risk, adversity, or stress. As we have come to understand that the major causes of ill health among adolescents around the world are social and behavioral, not infectious in etiology, our paradigms have shifted in health care from illness treatment to disease prevention, from disease management to health promotion.
Acknowledgements
This article was developed under the auspices of UNICEF and supported in part by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Grants MCJ 000985-15.
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HANDBOOK OF RELIGION AND HEALTH: THIRD EDITION
2023, Handbook of Religion and Health: Third Edition