Phaeoseptoria eucalypti and similar fungi on Eucalyptus, with description of Kirramyces gen. nov. (Coelomycetes)

doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80590-X

Mycological Research

Volume 96, Issue 11, November 1992, Pages 911-924

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80590-X Get rights and content

Phaeoseptoria eucalypti, with prominent, brown, rough-walled, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells, is shown to be distinct from the type species of Phaeoseptoria, P. papayae, which has small, smooth-walled and apparently non-proliferating conidiogenous cells. As no suitable genus exists for P. eucalypti, the new genus Kirramyces is erected for it. Study of various Eucalyptus leaf fungi has shown that the earliest name applied to this fungus is Cercospora epicoccoides, transferred here as Kirramyces epicoccoides. Other synonyms include Hendersonia grandispora and Phaeoseptoria luzonensis. Two other species of Kirramyces, K. eucalypti, based on Cercospora eucalypti, and K. lilianiae n. sp., are recognized. The taxonomic position of Stagonospora delegatensis and of other collections which may represent additional species of Kirramyces requires further investigation. The host ranges of these fungi are discussed in relationship to the subgeneric classification of the genus Eucalyptus.

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Conidia holoblastic, solitary, cylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate, 2–4 μm wide, with a marginal frill; straight to curved, thick-walled, medium brown, verruculose, guttulate, (1–)3(–4)-euseptate, (35–)40–48(–50) × 5–6(–7) μm. Descriptions and illustrations: Walker et al. (1992), Crous (1998). Typus: Australia, New South Wales, Wiseman's Ferry, on E. eximia, Jul. 1949, L.R. Fraser (holotype DAR 3832).
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23 years of research on Teratosphaeria leaf blight of Eucalyptus
2019, Forest Ecology and Management
In Australia, during the course of the last two decades, plantation area of Eucalyptus has expanded dramatically. One of the most important threats to these trees, and to the forest industries they sustain, is a complex of fungal diseases broadly treated as Teratosphaeria Leaf Blight. The aim of this review is to summarise some of the most important findings relating to Teratosphaeria spp. (previously Kirramyces) associated with leaf and shoot blight of Eucalyptus. The review spans a period of 23 years since the description of the aptly named Teratosphaeria destructans. Six species of Teratosphaeria are associated with leaf and shoot blights of Eucalyptus and these are T. destructans, T. eucalypti, T. novaehollandiae, T. pseudoeucalypti, T. viscida and T. tiwiana. With the exception of T. destructans, all of these species have been found in Australia. Based on the damage they cause, the most significant of these fungi are T. destructans, T. pseudoeucalypti and T. viscida. Teratosphaeria viscida has been found only in the tropics of eastern Australia, while T. destructans and T. pseudoeucalypti have spread globally; T. destructans throughout Asia and South Africa and T. pseudoeucalypti into South America. Factors driving the development of these diseases have included the establishment of plantations adjacent to native eucalypt forests in Australia and planting on sites not favourable to the growth of the host trees. These factors, in conjunction with a lack of selection for resistance to emerging pathogens, lack of resilience to disease in monocultures, and the movement of pathogens with planting stock and seeds around the globe have led to substantial losses. Based on the Teratosphaeria leaf blight example, it is clear that more effective forest management and more stringent biosecurity measurements will be a required to sustain eucalypt plantations globally.
Sizing up septoria
2013, Studies in Mycology
Septoria represents a genus of plant pathogenic fungi with a wide geographic distribution, commonly associated with leaf spots and stem cankers of a broad range of plant hosts. A major aim of this study was to resolve the phylogenetic generic limits of Septoria, Stagonospora, and other related genera such as Sphaerulina, Phaeosphaeria and Phaeoseptoria using sequences of the the partial 28S nuclear ribosomal RNA and RPB2 genes of a large set of isolates. Based on these results Septoria is shown to be a distinct genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae, which has mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs. Several septoria-like species are now accommodated in Sphaerulina, a genus previously linked to this complex. Phaeosphaeria (based on P. oryzae) is shown to be congeneric with Phaeoseptoria (based on P. papayae), which is reduced to synonymy under the former. Depazea nodorum (causal agent of nodorum blotch of cereals) and Septoria avenae (causal agent of avenae blotch of barley and rye) are placed in a new genus, Parastagonospora, which is shown to be distinct from Stagonospora (based on S. paludosa) and Phaeosphaeria. Partial nucleotide sequence data for five gene loci, ITS, LSU, EF-1α, RPB2 and Btub were generated for all of these isolates. A total of 47 clades or genera were resolved, leading to the introduction of 14 new genera, 36 new species, and 19 new combinations.
Taxonomic novelties: New genera – Acicuseptoria Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Cylindroseptoria Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Kirstenboschia Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Neoseptoria Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Neostagonospora Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Parastagonospora Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Polyphialoseptoria Quaedvlieg, R.W. Barreto, Verkley & Crous, Ruptoseptoria Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Septorioides Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Setoseptoria Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Stromatoseptoria Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Vrystaatia Quaedvlieg, W.J. Swart, Verkley & Crous, Xenobotryosphaeria Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Xenoseptoria Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous. New species - Acicuseptoria rumicis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Caryophylloseptoria pseudolychnidis Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous, Coniothyrium sidae Quaedvlieg, Verkley, R.W. Barreto & Crous, Corynespora leucadendri Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Cylindroseptoria ceratoniae Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Cylindroseptoria pistaciae Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Kirstenboschia diospyri Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Neoseptoria caricis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Neostagonospora caricis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Neostagonospora elegiae Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Paraphoma dioscoreae Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous, Parastagonospora caricis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Parastagonospora poae Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Phlyctema vincetoxici Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Polyphialoseptoria tabebuiae-serratifoliae Quaedvlieg, Alfenas & Crous, Polyphialoseptoria terminaliae Quaedvlieg, R.W. Barreto, Verkley & Crous, Pseudoseptoria collariana Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Pseudoseptoria obscura Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sclerostagonospora phragmiticola Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Septoria cretae Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Septoria glycinicola Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous, Septoria oenanthicola Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous, Septoria pseudonapelli Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous, Setophoma chromolaenae Quaedvlieg, Verkley, R.W. Barreto & Crous, Setoseptoria phragmitis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina amelanchier Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina pseudovirgaureae Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina viciae Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous, Stagonospora duoseptata Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Stagonospora perfecta Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Stagonospora pseudocaricis Quaedvlieg, Verkley, Gardiennet & Crous, Stagonospora pseudovitensis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Stagonospora uniseptata Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Vrystaatia aloeicola Quaedvlieg, Verkley, W.J. Swart & Crous, Xenobotryosphaeria calamagrostidis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Xenoseptoria neosaccardoi Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous. New combinations - Parastagonospora avenae (A.B. Frank) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Phaeosphaeria papayae (Speg.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Pseudocercospora domingensis (Petr. & Cif.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Ruptoseptoria unedonis (Roberge ex Desm.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Septorioides pini-thunbergii (S. Kaneko) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina abeliceae (Hiray.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina azaleae (Voglino) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina berberidis (Niessl) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina betulae (Pass.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina cercidis (Fr.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina menispermi (Thüm.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina musiva (Peck) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina oxyacanthae (Kunze & J.C. Schmidt) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina patriniae (Miura) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina populicola (Peck) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina quercicola (Desm.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Sphaerulina rhabdoclinis (Butin) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, Stromatoseptoria castaneicola (Desm.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous. Typifications: Epitypifications - Phaeosphaeria oryzae I. Miyake, Phaeoseptoria papayae Speg.; Neotypification - Hendersonia paludosa Sacc. & Speg.
DNA sequence incongruence and inconsistent morphology obscure species boundaries in the Teratosphaeria suttonii species complex
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Teratosphaeria suttonii (=Kirramyces epicoccoides) is a leaf pathogen that can cause premature defoliation, reduced growth and vigor, and subsequent tree death of many Eucalyptus species. Although the fungus primarily infects mature leaves in the lower canopy, infections can spread to younger leaves during continued epidemics or when trees are stressed. Teratosphaeria suttonii has a wide distribution in Australia and has been introduced to many other parts of the world, most probably with germplasm used to establish plantations. The aim of this study was to establish the phylogenetic relationships between T. suttonii isolates from different countries and to consider whether cryptic species exist in a species complex. DNA from parts of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and elongation factor-1α genes was sequenced and analyzed for isolates from throughout the range of T. suttonii in Australia, and from six countries (China, Indonesia, South Africa, Uruguay, United States, and Vietnam) where the pathogen is introduced. Morphometrics of conidia produced both in vivo and in vitro were also considered. Analysis of the sequence data resulted in incongruent genealogies. Furthermore, groups of isolates in the genealogies could not be linked to area of origin. Similarly, differences in conidial morphology could not be linked to any of the phylogenetic groups. There was no evidence of distinct species boundaries, and isolates from Australia were closely related to those from other parts of the world. The results of this study support the treatment of T. suttonii as a morphologically and genetically diverse species in its natural range in Australia. The diversity is reflected in introduced populations.
Phylogenetic lineages in the Capnodiales
2009, Studies in Mycology
Citation Excerpt :
The fungus causes partial defoliation of mature plants (Dodd 1961,Auld 1969), though the impact depends on environmental conditions (Dodd 1961). Seedlings are however killed rapidly (Wang et al. 1997). This fungus, which has hitherto been known simply as “Phaeoramularia” sp., still lacks a name and proper description.
The Capnodiales incorporates plant and human pathogens, endophytes, saprobes and epiphytes, with a wide range of nutritional modes. Several species are lichenised, or occur as parasites on fungi, or animals. The aim of the present study was to use DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal small and large subunit RNA genes to test the monophyly of the Capnodiales, and resolve families within the order. We designed primers to allow the amplification and sequencing of almost the complete nuclear ribosomal small and large subunit RNA genes. Other than the Capnodiaceae (sooty moulds), and the Davidiellaceae, which contains saprobes and plant pathogens, the order presently incorporates families of major plant pathological importance such as the Mycosphaerellaceae, Teratosphaeriaceae and Schizothyriaceae. The Piedraiaceae was not supported, but resolves in the Teratosphaeriaceae. The Dissoconiaceae is introduced as a new family to accommodate Dissoconium and Ramichloridium. Lichenisation, as well as the ability to be saprobic or plant pathogenic evolved more than once in several families, though the taxa in the upper clades of the tree lead us to conclude that the strictly plant pathogenic, nectrotrophic families evolved from saprobic ancestors (Capnodiaceae), which is the more primitive state.
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Phylogenetic reassessment supports accommodation of Phaeophleospora and Colletogloeopsis from eucalypts in Kirramyces
2007, Mycological Research
Citation Excerpt :
P. papayae had also previously been redescribed by Morgan-Jones (1974) and both he and Walker et al. (1992) found large, brown, cylindrical, rough-walled, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells were not present. In a search for a suitable genus for P. eucalypti, several genera were considered (Walker et al. 1992). These included Scoleciasis, Sonderhenia, and Stagonospora, but none were suitable because they were all characterised by smooth-walled conidiogenous cells and distoseptate conidia (Sonderhenia) or smooth-walled, hyaline conidia (Stagonospora).
Species of Phaeophleospora are anamorphs of Mycosphaerella and they include some of the most serious foliar pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. grown in plantations worldwide. Pathogens assigned to this genus and occurring on Eucalyptus spp. were previously treated in Kirramyces and they are also phylogenetically closely related to other anamorphs of Mycosphaerella residing in the genus Colletogloeopsis. The primary aim of this study was to consider the appropriate taxonomic placement of these species. To achieve this goal, morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data from the ITS and translation EF1-α gene regions were used to compare the type species P. eugeniae, Phaeophleospora spp. and Colletogloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts, using ex-type cultures and herbarium specimens. Phylogenetic data and morphological comparisons supported the separation of P. eugeniae from Phaeophleospora species occurring on eucalypts. The name Phaeophleospora is retained for P. eugeniae and the name Kirramyces is resurrected for the species occurring on eucalypts (genera Eucalyptus, Corymbia, and Angophora). Sequence data from the type specimens of two previously described species of Kirramyces, K. lilianiae and K. delegatensis, show they reside in a clade with other Kirramyces spp. Morphological and DNA sequence comparisons also showed that there is considerable overlap between species of Phaeophleospora and Colletogloeopsis from eucalypts. Based on these findings, Colletogloeopsis is reduced to synonymy with the older Kirramyces and the description of Kirramyces is emended to include species with aseptate, as well as multiseptate, conidia produced in acervuli or pycnidia. Two new species of Kirramyces, K. angophorae and K. corymbiae, are also described.

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¹: Previous address: Plant Pathology Branch, Biological and Chemical Research institute, N.S.W. Department of Agriculture, Private Mailbag No.10, Rydalmere, N.S.W. 2116, Australia.

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Phaeoseptoria eucalypti and similar fungi on Eucalyptus, with description of Kirramyces gen. nov. (Coelomycetes)

Mycological Research

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Transactions of the British Mycological Society

Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi

Novos fungos Sphaeropsidaceae

Universiaade do Recife Instituto de Micologia Publicacao

fr

Hedwigia

Lists of Diseases Recorded on Ornamentals, Native Plants and Weeds in Victoria before 30 June, 1980

Department of Agriculture Victoria Technical Report Series

Eucalyptus, Angophora (Myrtaceae)

Flora of Australia

A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora

Host-Pathogen Index of Plant Diseases in South Australia

New Australian fungi

Grevillea

Australian fungi

Grevillea

Fungi on Eucalyptus

Grevillea

Phaeoseptoria eucalypti and Coniothyrium ovatum on Eucalyptus spp. in South Africa

Phytophylactica

Fungi Eucalyptorum Novazelandiae: Septoria pulcherrima sp. nov. and Trimmatostroma bifarium sp. nov.

New Zealand Journal of Botany

L'Erbario Micologico di P. A. Saccardo, Catalogo

Atti della Accademia Scientifica Veneto Trentina Istriana

Studies on the genus Pseudocercospora in China. I

Mycosystema

Australian fungi. IV. New records and revisions (continued)

Studies on Septoria n. sp. causing a leaf blotch disease of Eucalyptus dalrympleana Maiden

M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sydney

Studies of a leaf blotch on Eucalyptus dalrympleana

Institute of Foresters of Australia Newsletter

de

Annales Mycologici

Index Herbariorum Part 1. The Herbaria of the World