Mangiferin protects the streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage to cardiac and renal tissues in rats
Introduction
Mangiferin, a recently known pharmacologically-active phytochemical, is present in different plants, including Mangifera indica L. Its chemical name is 2-C-β-d-gluco-pyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone, molecular formula: C19H18O11, molecular weight: 422.35, melting point: anhydrous 271 °C. Some important pharmacological activities of mangiferin have been reported as antitumor (Guha et al., 1996) and antiviral (Zheng and Lu, 1990, Zbu et al., 1993, Guha et al., 1996, Yoosook et al., 2000). Recently, pharmacological functions of mangiferin in altering the oxidative mechanisms have received much attention (Sanchez et al., 2000). It has also been found to be effective in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Ichiki et al., 1998).
It has been well documented that diabetes mellitus is associated with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to oxidative damage particularly to heart and kidney (Mohamed et al., 1999). The elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus are thought to induce cell death through free radical formation that occurs as a common sequelae to diabetes-induced non-enzymatic modification of sugar moieties on proteins and lipids (Donnini et al., 1996). It is, therefore, thought worthwhile to investigate the protective role of mangiferin against cardiac and renal oxidative injury induced by streptozotocin (STZ) toxicity in insulin-dependent diabetic rats.
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Chemicals
STZ, reference mangiferin and 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazole-2yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from M/s Sigma Chemicals, USA. Acetic acid and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were procured from M/s E. Merck (India) Ltd. India. All the solvents used in the study were of analytical grade.
Preparation of mangiferin
Mangiferin was isolated from M. indica leaves by the method of Ghosal and Rao (1996) with slight modification. Shade-dried and powdered leaves of M. indica was soxhleted for 12 h with petroleum ether
Antidiabetic activity of mangiferin
Whole blood glycosylated haemoglobin levels were found to be significantly elevated in STZ-induced diabetic rats as compared to normal rats (Table 1). Treatment with insulin (6 U/kg, i.p.) resulted in a significant (P<0.01) reduction in the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin as compred to negative control. Mangiferin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) also exhibited a significant (P<0.05) antidiabetic activity as compared to negative control (Table 1). However, the glycosylated haemoglobin levels were not
Discussion
STZ is a commonly employed compound for induction of diabetes mellitus in experimental rats (Tomlinson et al., 1992). Recently, it has been reported that long standing hyperglycaemia with diabetes mellitus leads to the formation of advanced glycosylated end products which are involved in the generation of ROS, suggesting the mechanism by which hyperglycaemia causes oxidative damage (Mohamed et al., 1999). Thus, it is worthwhile to study the lipid peroxidation in long standing cases of diabetes
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