Interaction model application for urban planning
Introduction
The urban population in the world has grown rapidly in the last century, increasing from 14% at the beginning of this century to 25% in 1950. Between 1950 and 1985, the number of people living in cities has more than tripled. The urban growth rate is of 0.8% a year in the developed countries, but it has reached 3.6% a year in the 1980s (UNDP, 1991). Even if urban growth patterns have not been consistent over time and across the various geographic areas, it is necessary to monitor this urban development in order to avoid possible environmental problems due to urban sprawl and traffic increase (land-use changes, increase of atmospheric pollution, etc.). One of the difficulties to cope with such a situation is to forecast locations of future development. Of course, local authorities apply urban management tools to define and restrict future land-uses. In France, these tools are the plan d’occupation du sol (POS) or the schéma directeur d’aménagement et d’urbanisme (SDAU) or more applied tools like the zone d’aménagement concertée (ZAC). These tools are associated with cities strategic planning decisions depending both on the use of all pieces of land adjacent to actual urban areas and on the restriction of some land-uses which impact may be harmful to sustainable development.
Remotely sensed data are often used to get a general view of urban areas but are seldom integrated in a landscape modelling approach. Nevertheless, satellite imagery can be a valuable help in designing decision support products allowing city development visions. The link between the forecasting issue and the satellite image is introduced here in the use of an interaction model, the potential model. Interaction models and especially potential model have often been used for demographic or social purposes, in order to study the relationships between population or services and locations, or between users and services points. Defining the interactions between land-use characteristics, Donnay, 1995, Donnay, 1994, Donnay and Lambinon (1997) and Binard et al. (1997) have promoted the application of such model on remote sensing products in order to define limits of urban areas. Another use of potential model also dealing with remote sensing has been proposed by Weber and Hirsch (1997) with the integration of potential model results and geographic information system (GIS) to assess development trends of urban settlements over years. Referring to natural or human constrains, it allows for merging different types of interactions among various landscape objects associated to natural elements (land-cover characteristics) or to political, economical decisions like protected areas for instance.
The application presented in this paper has been conducted on the Strasbourg urban region (France) on the German border, in order to assess change trends during 20 years. The method allows comparison with the actual city development outlines and the estimated trends. A time analysis has been set up to evaluate the spatial changes occurring between two dates (1986–1998). Two satellite images have been processed: the first one to get a initial state of the land-cover surface of Strasbourg and the surroundings (SPOT XS 1986), and the second one to perform time-series analysis and to assess the accuracy of the potential model application (SPOT XS 1998). Ancillary data are mixed to the results in order to strengthen our knowledge on the studied area. The potential model application is used to get a mapping of spatial change possibilities, depending on initial land-use/land-cover categories. The expected results are the identification and spatial location of Strasbourg development trends.
The paper is divided into three parts. The first presents the objectives of the study. The second describes the area, the methods and the material used. Finally, the third provides some results. They are commented and compared with classification result of the 1998 image.
Section snippets
Objectives of the study
The global purpose of this study is the understanding of the relationships between social system and spatial system. In other words we attempt to observe, quantify and model the effects of urban spatial forms on social system, and in counterpart, the effects of social dynamics on spatial urban environment.
The practical tools used by planners for monitoring urban development often present a lack of forecast capacities to locate urban development trends. For instance, the commuter population and
Study area: Communauté urbaine de Strasbourg (CUS)
The research presented in this paper operated on the major urban community of Alsace (east of France). With about 480,000 inhabitants (1999), the Communauté urbaine de Strasbourg (CUS) is one of the ten metropolitan areas in France (according population and surface developed). The situation of this urban area is interesting because Strasbourg has been, since 1945, a border city limited by the Rhine River. These historical and geographical characteristics explain the particular trends of urban
Results
The resulting image (Fig. 4) integrates the three potential surfaces obtained. It shows the inner city core cohesion with some concentric halos. Strasbourg inner-city is easily identified in grey with his south larger suburb (Neudorf); peripheral communes like Schiltigheim, Bischheim in the north or Geispolsheim (southwest) are also detectable in the same colour. Less densely built areas are recognisable inside the city perimeter. They locate parks, places or “empty” zones between more dense
Conclusion
This application has confirmed the benefits of potential modelling approach for finding suitability area for urban development. Of course, some limitations (closure of the studied area, choice of weights exponents, etc.) exist. But the method provides an interesting product usable for a first investigation in planning procedures. In this study, the potential development zones linked with land-use categories extracted from the SPOT image of 1986 have been compared with a real state in 1998 for
Acknowledgements
The computational and general research support at the Laboratory Image et Ville (UMR 7011, CNRS/ULP) in this project is gratefully acknowledged.
Christiane Weber has got her thesis (PhD) in 1982. The subject was a comparative analysis of residential structures of various Rhine valley cities: Strasbourg and Mulhouse (F), Bale (CH), Fribourg (G). She is since 1985, full time researcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France and works in the geography department of the Louis Pasteur University (Strasbourg). She has a wide experience on urban and spatial analysis, remote sensing applications particularly in
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Christiane Weber has got her thesis (PhD) in 1982. The subject was a comparative analysis of residential structures of various Rhine valley cities: Strasbourg and Mulhouse (F), Bale (CH), Fribourg (G). She is since 1985, full time researcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France and works in the geography department of the Louis Pasteur University (Strasbourg). She has a wide experience on urban and spatial analysis, remote sensing applications particularly in urban field, and in geographic information system. She is a member of the remote sensing research group in the CNRS laboratory (UMR 7011) and works with several students on European sites. She gives lectures for graduated students in remote sensing and GIS in the geography department, for professionals in courses managed abroad by the French Ministry of Cooperation (Ethiopia, Libanon, Indonesia) and in the development and training centre of remote sensing (GDTA) in Toulouse. Dr. Christiane Weber is involved in different remote sensing and GIS networks set-up in Europe (ESF, AGILE, SIGMA-CASSINI). Her domain of expertise is mainly in urban geography and planning. She is widely involved in remote sensing urban applications and GIS. She has got her PhD in 1997 devoted in urban modelling. She is involved in several national or international research programs. She took the direction of the laboratory in 2000.