ScienceDirect - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment : Calibration of Super-Kamiokande using an electron LINAC: The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume 421, Issues 1-2, 21 January 1999, Pages 113-129

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doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(98)01200-5

Calibration of Super-Kamiokande using an electron LINAC The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration

M. Nakahata^a^,^*, Y. Fukuda^a, T. Hayakawa^a, E. Ichihara^a, K. Inoue^a, K. Ishihara^a, H. Ishino^a, Y. Itow^a, T. Kajita^a, J. Kameda^a, S. Kasuga^a, K. Kobayashi^a, Y. Kobayashi^a, Y. Koshio^a, K. Martens ¹^,^a, M. Miura^a, S. Nakayama^a, A. Okada^a, K. Okumura^a, N. Sakurai^a, M. Shiozawa^a, Y. Suzuki^a, Y. Takeuchi^a, Y. Totsuka^a, S. Yamada^a, M. Earl^b, A. Habig^b, E. Kearns^b, M. D. Messier^b, K. Scholberg^b, J. L. Stone^b, L. R. Sulak^b, C. W. Walter^b, M. Goldhaber^c, T. Barszczak^d, D. Casper^d, W. Gajewski^d, P. G. Halverson ²^,^d, J. Hsu^d, W. R. Kropp^d, L. R. Price^d, F. Reines^d, M. Smy^d, H. W. Sobel^d, M. R. Vagins^d, K. S. Ganezer^e, W. E. Keig^e, R. W. Ellsworth^f, S. Tasaka^g, J. W. Flanagan ³^,^h, A. Kibayashi^h, J. G. Learned^h, S. Matsuno^h, V. J. Stenger^h, D. Takemori^h, T. Ishiiⁱ, J. Kanzakiⁱ, T. Kobayashiⁱ, S. Mineⁱ, K. Nakamuraⁱ, K. Nishikawaⁱ, Y. Oyamaⁱ, A. Sakaiⁱ, M. Sakudaⁱ, O. Sasakiⁱ, S. Echigo^j, M. Kohama^j, A. T. Suzuki^j, T. J. Haines^k^,^d, E. Blaufuss^l, B. K. Kim^l, R. Sanford^l, R. Svoboda^l, M. L. Chen^m, Z. Conner ⁴^,^m, J. A. Goodman^m, G. W. Sullivan^m, J. Hillⁿ, C. K. Jungⁿ, C. Maugerⁿ, C. McGrewⁿ, E. Sharkeyⁿ, B. Virenⁿ, C. Yanagisawaⁿ, W. Doki^o, K. Miyano^o, H. Okazawa^o, C. Saji^o, M. Takahata^o, Y. Nagashima^p, M. Takita^p, T. Yamaguchi^p, M. Yoshida^p, S. B. Kim^q, M. Etoh^r, K. Fujita^r, A. Hasegawa^r, T. Hasegawa^r, S. Hatakeyama^r, T. Iwamoto^r, M. Koga^r, T. Maruyama^r, H. Ogawa^r, J. Shirai^r, A. Suzuki^r, F. Tsushima^r, M. Koshiba^s, M. Nemoto^t, K. Nishijima^t, T. Futagami^u, Y. Hayato ⁵^,^u, Y. Kanaya^u, K. Kaneyuki^u, Y. Watanabe^u, D. Kielczewska ⁶^,^v^,^d, R. A. Doyle^w, J. S. George^w, A. L. Stachyra^w, L. L. Wai ⁷^,^w, R. J. Wilkes^w, K. K. Young^w and H. Kobayashi^x

^a Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Tanashi, Tokyo 188-8502, Japan ^b Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA ^c Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA ^d Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA ^e Department of Physics, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA ^f Department of Physics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA ^g Department of Physics, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan ^h Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA ⁱ Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan ^j Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan ^k Physics Division, P-23, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA ^l Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA ^m Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA ⁿ Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA ^o Department of Physics, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan ^p Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan ^q Department of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea ^r Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan ^s The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan ^t Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan ^u Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute for Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan ^v Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland ^w Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA ^x Acclerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan

Received 23 July 1998.

Available online 25 September 2000.

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Abstract

In order to calibrate the Super-Kamiokande experiment for solar neutrino measurements, a linear accelerator (LINAC) for electrons was installed at the detector. LINAC data were taken at various positions in the detector volume, tracking the detector response in the variables relevant to solar neutrino analysis. In particular, the absolute energy scale is now known with less than 1% uncertainty.

Author Keywords: Solar neutrinos; Linear accelerator; Calibration; Super-Kamiokande

PACS classification codes: 26.65.+t

^*Correspondence address: Kamioka Observatory, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Yoshiki-gun, Gifu-ken, 506-1205 Japan. Tel.: +81 578 5 9603; fax: +81 578 5 2121; e-mail: nakahata@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

¹Present address: Department of Physics and Astronomy, SUNY at Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA.

²Present address: NASA, JPL, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.

³Present address: Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan.

⁴Present address: Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

⁵Present address: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan.

⁶Supported by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research.

⁷Present address: Department of Physics, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume 421, Issues 1-2, 21 January 1999, Pages 113-129

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