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Brain Research Reviews
Volume 22, Issue 3, October 1996, Pages 229-244
 
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doi:10.1016/S0165-0173(96)00011-2    How to Cite or Link Using DOI (Opens New Window)
Copyright © 1996 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Full-length review

Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans

James R. AugustineCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA

Accepted 18 June 1996. 
Available online 27 August 1998.

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Abstract

The progress made in understanding the insula in the decade following an earlier review (Augustine, Neurol. Res., 7 (1985) 2–10) is examined in this review. In these ten years, connections have been described between the insula and the orbital cortex, frontal operculum, lateral premotor cortex, ventral granular cortex, and medial area 6 in the frontal lobe. Insular connections between the second somatosensory area and retroinsular area of the parietal lobe have been documented. The insula was found to connect with the temporal pole and the superior temporal sulcus of the temporal lobe. It has an abundance of local intrainsular connections and projections to subdivisions of the cingulate gyrus. The insula has connections with the lateral, lateral basal, central, cortical and medial amygdaloid nuclei. It also connects with nonamygdaloid areas such as the perirhinal cortex, entorhinal, and periamygdaloid cortex. The thalamic taste area, the parvicellular part of the ventral posteromedial nucleus, projects fibers to the ipsilateral insular-opercular cortex. In the past decade, confirmation has been given to the insula as a visceral sensory area, visceral motor area, motor association area, vestibular area, and language area. Recent studies have expanded the role of the insula as a somatosensory area, emphasizing its multifaceted, sensory role. The idea of the insula as limbic integration cortex has been affirmed and its role in Alzheimer's disease suggested.

Author Keywords: Insula; Insular lobe; Insular cortex; Cerebral cortex; Primate; Human

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Brain Research Reviews
Volume 22, Issue 3, October 1996, Pages 229-244
 
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