Letters to the EditorSCHIZOPHRENIA AND NEUROACTIVE PEPTIDES FROM FOOD
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Cited by (15)
IgG dynamics of dietary antigens point to cerebrospinal fluid barrier or flow dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia
2015, Brain, Behavior, and ImmunityCitation Excerpt :In schizophrenia, a subset of individuals may be particularly sensitive to immune activation following the digestion of certain dietary proteins, such as wheat gluten and bovine milk casein (Cascella et al., 2011; Dickerson et al., 2010; Dohan, 1979, 1981; Dohan and Grasberger, 1973; Dohan et al., 1969; Lachance and McKenzie, 2014; Niebuhr et al., 2011; Reichelt, 1991; Reichelt et al., 1981, 1995; Severance et al., 2010a). The proteins, gluten and casein, are hydrolyzed in the GI tract into hundreds to thousands of peptides, some of which have been shown to have opioid-like properties and are referred to as exorphins (Boutrou et al., 2013; Dohan, 1979, 1980, 1988a,b; Prandi et al., 2014; Reichelt, 1991, 1994; Reichelt et al., 1981, 1985, 1995, 2012). The immunomodulatory potential of these exorphins is not well-understood, with observations that among the repertoire of digested peptides, some have pro-inflammatory and others have anti-inflammatory effects (Aihara et al., 2014; Barnett et al., 2014; Haq et al., 2014; Kaminski et al., 2007).
Gastrointestinal inflammation and associated immune activation in schizophrenia
2012, Schizophrenia ResearchCitation Excerpt :Food-specific antibody responses result from the entry of food antigens into the general circulation, presumably because of gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation or otherwise compromised GI epithelial and/or endothelial barriers. Bovine milk caseins and wheat glutens are of particular interest in neuropsychiatric disorders, because peptides derived from both can act as ligands of opioid receptors peripherally and in the central nervous system (Dohan, 1979; Reichelt et al., 1981; Drysdale et al., 1982; Cade et al., 1990; Reichelt and Stensrud, 1998). GI epithelial barriers can also be penetrated during an infection of the gut by enteric viruses or other microorganisms that are acquired through oral ingestion.
Dietary antigens, epitope recognition, and immune complex formation in recent onset psychosis and long-term schizophrenia
2011, Schizophrenia ResearchCitation Excerpt :Immune reactivity to milk and wheat antigens may contribute to the pathophysiology of some cases of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders (Dohan, 1966, 1979; Dohan and Grasberger, 1973; Reichelt et al., 1996).
The Microbiota-Gut-Immune-Glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression
2020, Molecular Neurobiology"Immune Gate" of psychopathology-The role of gut derived immune activation in major psychiatric disorders
2018, Frontiers in Psychiatry