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Computer Communications
Volume 26, Issue 2, 1 February 2003, Pages 143-153
 
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doi:10.1016/S0140-3664(02)00130-5    
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Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterizing and reducing route oscillations in the Internet

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Vivian ElliottE-mail The Corresponding Author and Kenneth J. ChristensenCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA


Received 2 November 2001; 
revised 24 April 2002; 
accepted 1 May 2002. ;
Available online 14 June 2002.

Abstract

Oscillation of routes in the Internet causes unnecessary overhead. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) transactions collected from the MAE-East exchange point for 2000 (January–December) show that approximately 16% of routing overhead traffic exhibits oscillating Autonomous System paths. About 66% of these paths used extra, unnecessary hops to route data traffic resulting in up to 10% extra-hop count. Common characteristics are shown to exist in oscillating routes. Our findings demonstrate that long-theorized route oscillations really do occur in the Internet. Faulty implementations and/or poor policy choices are likely causes, where the currently specified method of BGP implicit withdrawals causes propagation through the Internet. To reduce oscillations, we propose a new method of forcing explicit withdrawals in BGP. Simulation experiments with forcing explicit withdrawals show an overall reduction of the transaction traffic, as well as a reduction in path length.

Author Keywords: Routing; Border Gateway Protocol; Route oscillation; Route flap damping

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. The BGP protocol and routing instability
2.1. Previous work in analysis of Internet routing data
3. Characterization of BGP transactions
3.1. Routing oscillation taxonomy
4. The significance and reduction of routing oscillations
4.1. Reduction of oscillation
4.1.1. Proposed changes to the BGP algorithm
4.1.2. Experiments based on the proposed change to the BGP algorithm
4.2. Interoperability issues
5. Summary and future work
Acknowledgements
References







Computer Communications
Volume 26, Issue 2, 1 February 2003, Pages 143-153
 
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