In utero programming of cardiovascular disease
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2022, Clinics in PerinatologyCitation Excerpt :Animal studies have shown increased basal and stress-induced cortisol concentrations in antenatally stressed animals that persist into adulthood. Behavioral changes, such as poor coping behaviors, have also been observed.31 Consequently, though it is unlikely that the fetus can perceive pain at the gestational age of most in utero procedures, it is recommended by both the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine that opioid analgesia be administered to the fetus during invasive fetal procedures to attenuate the fetal stress response and its deleterious consequences.32,33
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