Figure 1. Effect of extraction ratio on water soluble phosphorus in two dairy feces samples collected from Mid-Atlantic United States.

Figure 2. Transformation of phosphorus fractions with oven-drying of the amendments. (A) Hog manure collected from an agitated storage lagoon, (B) hog manure from a sow barn (C) hog manure from a nursery barn, and (D) manure from a dairy barn. The whiskers represent standard errors of the means of three replicates. The terms H₂O–P_i and H₂O–P_o are water-extractable inorganic and organic P, NaHCO₃–P_i and NaHCO₃–P_o are NaHCO₃–extractable inorganic and organic P, NaOH–P_i and NaOH–P_o are NaOH–extractable inorganic and organic P; and HCl–P is HCl–extractable P. After Ajiboye et al. (2004).

Figure 3. Physicochemical fractionation of phosphorus.

Figure 4. Manure phosphorus fractionation scheme. Adapted from Barnett (1994a).

Figure 5. Sequential waste phosphorus fractionation scheme. Adapted from Hedley 1982b and Tiessen 1984.

Figure 6. Single-pulse, proton decoupled ³¹P-MAS-NMR spectra of unamended poultry litter samples; chemical shifts of the marked peaks are: δ = 6.4 and 2.8 ppm.

Figure 7. Single-pulse, proton decoupled ³¹P-MAS-NMR spectra of alum-amended poultry litter samples; chemical shifts of the marked peaks are: δ = 6.4 and 2.8 ppm.

Figure 8. CP-MAS ³¹P-NMR spectra of unamended poultry litter samples; the insets show enlargements of the chemical shift region indicated; the chemical shift of the marked peak is δ = 6.4 ppm.

Figure 9. CP-MAS ³¹P-NMR spectra of alum-amended poultry litter samples; the insets show enlargements of the chemical shift region indicated; the chemical shift of the marked peak is δ = 6.4 ppm.

Figure 10. Effect of 3d metal electron configuration on phosphate pre-edge peak intensity and white line peak position. From Okude et al. (1999).

Figure 11. XANES spectra of reference CaPO₄, AlPO₄, and FePO₄ materials.

Figure 12. XANES spectra of phytic acid collected in fluorescence yield (FY) on an aqueous solution and a salt as well as a total electron yield spectrum of the phytic acid salt. The decreased intensity of the white line peak in the fluorescence samples is caused by self-absorption effects.

Figure 13. Examples of phosphate samples where total electron yield data and fluorescence yield (FY) data differ significantly due to surface modification. In the vivianite Fe(II)PO₄ sample, surface oxidation has occurred that results in a total electron yield spectrum consistent with Fe(III)PO₄. In the monetite sample, the total electron yield spectrum appears substantially different from the bulk fluorescence in structure. This may be evidence that the surface layers of phosphate are very weakly bound in this mineral.

Figure 14. XANES spectra of natural and alum-amended poultry litter taken at P K-edge. Adapted from Peak et al. (2002).

Figure 15. XANES spectra of natural and alum-amended poultry litter sample taken at the S and Ca edge.

Figure 16. Linear combination fit results for turkey manure samples. The original spectra are shown with a solid line (—), total fit is represented with open circles (○), dicalcium phosphate is represented with a dashed line (- -), phytic acid is represented with a dotted line (…), and hydroxylapatite is represented with a plus (+). Of special interest is the appearance of hydroxylapatite in the P deficient as well as P deficient plus phytase samples. The presence of this species can be explained by differences in the Ca to P ratios of these manure samples. From Toor et al. (2005c).

Figure 17. Relationships of total Ca to phosphorus ratio and H₂O–P (extraction ratio of 1 to 200) with P forms determined with XANES spectroscopy for broiler litters and turkey manures. Turkey manures are indicated by gray data points while broiler litters are open symbols. Adapted from Toor et al. (2005c).

Figure 18. Summary of methods for phosphorus analysis in organic wastes.

Contribution of Agriculture to Environmental Problems in Selected European Countries^a

World Livestock Population^a

Estimated Solid, Semisolid (Lagoon), and Liquid Manure and Total Phosphorus Produced per Animal per Year (in kg year⁻¹) in the United States^a

Farm Gate Phosphorus Balances for Selected European Pig and Dairy Farms^a (in kg P ha⁻¹)

Phytic Acid (Inositol Hexaphosphate) Content in Some Feedstuffs^a

Effect of Method of Determination on Water Extractable Phosphorus in Poultry Litter^a

Phytase was added at 650 U kg⁻¹.

Effect of Filtration Versus Centrifugation on Water Extractable Phosphorus Release from Poultry Litter^a

Phytase was added at 650 U kg⁻¹.

Composition of Dissolved Unreactive Phosphorus in Marine Environments^a

Fractionation of Phosphorus Forms in Various Manures According to the Fractionation Scheme of Barnett 1994a and Barnett 1994b as Shown in Fig. 4^a

Phosphorus Fractions in Manures and Composts according to the Fractionation Scheme of Sharpley and Moyer (2000) as Shown in Fig. 5^a

Concentrations of Phosphorus Compounds (in mg P kg⁻¹ dry weight) in Sequential Extracts of Animal Manures From the Hedley Fractionation Procedure Determined by Solution ³¹P-NMR Spectroscopy and ICP-OES Spectrometry^a