Enrichment strategies for Artemia using emulsions providing different levels of n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids
Introduction
The brine shrimp Artemia is widely used as a live food organism for marine fish and crustacean larvae in commercial hatcheries. Freshly hatched Artemia nauplii contain very low levels of n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), being especially deficient in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The importance of dietary DHA for proper development of marine fish larvae has been documented repeatedly (Kanazawa, 1993; Watanabe, 1993; Reitan et al., 1994). In order to overcome the lack of n−3 HUFA in Artemia nauplii, various enrichment techniques have been developed to enhance their n−3 HUFA content. The degree of success in modifying the fatty acid profile of the nauplii has been shown to be influenced by the type of the enrichment diet, the enrichment conditions and the Artemia strain itself. Examples of practical and experimental enrichment diets are unicellular algae (Watanabe et al., 1980), emulsion (Léger et al., 1987; McEvoy et al., 1996), liposomes (Ozkizilick and Chu, 1994) and microencapsulated diets (Southgate and Lou, 1995). The lipid sources in these diets differ in lipid class composition (McEvoy et al., 1996; Tocher et al., 1997), n−3 HUFA content (Dhert et al., 1993; Evjemo et al., 1997) and DHA/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio (Naess et al., 1995; Evjemo et al., 1997). Differences in enrichment conditions are related to the salinity of the culture medium, the concentration of experimental emulsion (Rees et al., 1994), the enrichment duration (Narciso et al., 1999) and the temperature following starvation (Danielsen et al., 1995; Triantaphyllidis et al., 1995; Evjemo et al., 1997). Also, the species and geographical origin of the Artemia affect the success of the enrichment procedure (Triantaphyllidis et al., 1995; Evjemo et al., 1997). The lack of a standardized enrichment strategy mostly renders a comparison of results obtained in the large number of Artemia enrichment studies impossible (Coutteau and Mourente, 1997).
The present study evaluates differences in the n−3 HUFA incorporation in Artemia nauplii related to the enrichment strategies. These differed in the n−3 HUFA content of the diet, the supplied dose and the dilution of n−3 HUFA-rich by n−3 HUFA-free emulsion.
Section snippets
Hatching of Artemia cysts
Artemia franciscana cysts (ARC No: 1320, INVE Aquaculture, Belgium) from Great Salt Lake (UT, USA) were used in each of the three experiments. The cysts (4 g l−1) were disinfected with a hypochlorine solution of 200 μg l−1 for 20 min before hatching. After washing with tap water to remove the remaining hypochlorite, the cysts (2 g l−1) were incubated in filtered seawater (0.45 μm cartridge filter) at 28°C under continuous aeration and light. After hatching, the nauplii (more than 90% Instar I)
Experiment 1
The results of the fatty acid enrichment kinetics in the nauplii when feeding emulsions ICES 50 and ICES 30 are shown in Fig. 1. The initial values of DHA, EPA and total n−3 HUFA in the freshly hatched Artemia nauplii were 0.1, 8.8 and 10.4 mg g−1 DW. The respective levels increased to 11.2, 29.6, 44.1 mg g−1 DW after 24 h enrichment with ICES 30 and to 16.0, 33.7 and 54.0 mg g−1 DW after 24 h enrichment with ICES 50. The additional enrichment (t24–t48) significantly increased the respective
Discussion
The present study used standards of emulsified lipids providing different n−3 HUFA levels for examining the kinetics and level of essential n−3 HUFA incorporation in A. franciscana. In order to facilitate comparisons among studies using enriched Artemia nauplii for determining n−3 HUFA requirements of various marine fish species, the Working Group on Mass Rearing of Larval and Juvenile Marine Fish of ICES has developed a series of standard emulsions.
Although of prime interest for studies on n−3
Acknowledgements
This study has been supported by the Ministry of Science Policy (GOA Project).
References (25)
- et al.
Effects of temperature and starvation time on the pattern and rate of loss of essential fatty acids in Artemia nauplii previously enriched using arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid-rich emulsion
Aquaculture
(1998) - et al.
The stability of DHA in two Artemia species following enrichment and subsequent starvation
Aquaculture
(1997) - et al.
Two novel Artemia enrichment diets containing polar lipid
Aquaculture
(1996) - et al.
Lipid conversion during enrichment of Artemia
Aquaculture
(1999) - et al.
Highly unsaturated fatty acid requirements of Penaeus monodon postlarvae: an experimental approach based on Artemia enrichment
Aquaculture
(1994) - et al.
Improving the n−3 HUFA composition of Artemia using microcapsules containing marine oil
Aquaculture
(1995) - et al.
The use of silages from fish neural tissues as enrichers for rotifers (Brachonus plicatilis) and Artemia in the nutrition of larval marine fish
Aquaculture
(1997) - et al.
Nutritional enhancement of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids in rotifers and Artemia nauplii by feeding spray-dried Schizochytrium sp.
J. World Aquacult. Soc.
(1996) - et al.
Lipid classes and their content of n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in Artemia franciscana after hatching, HUFA-enrichment and subsequent starvation
Mar. Biol.
(1997) - Danielsen, T.L., Evjemo, J.O., Olsen, Y., 1995. Stability of short-term enriched n−3 fatty acids in Artemia during...
Cited by (59)
Microalgal solutions in the cultivation of rotifers and artemia: scope for the modulation of the fatty acid profile
2020, HeliyonCitation Excerpt :On the other hand, Artemia sp. are typically poor in essential FAs (Bell et al., 2003; Copeman et al., 2002; Czesny et al., 1999). Accordingly, both types of organism are deemed suboptimal for larval nutrition, particularly if compared to wild copepods (Han et al., 2000; Hanaee et al., 2005). These difficulties have stimulated the common practice of rotifer and Artemia sp. enrichment with phytoplankton or commercial products with high levels of essential FAs (Haché and Plante, 2011).
High pressure impregnation of oil in water emulsions into selected fruits: A novel approach to fortify plant-based biomaterials by lipophilic compounds
2019, LWTCitation Excerpt :In this regard, emulsions are considered as proper carriers for the fortifications of desired oil-based nutrients. These emulsions are meant to solubilize fat-soluble compounds such as several types of food colors, vitamins and essential oils and fats (Han, Geurden, & Sorgeloos, 2000; Qian, Decker, Xiao, & McClements, 2012). The high water content of fruits and vegetable tissues provide a hydrophilic environment and make it difficult to impregnate hydrophobic compounds because of hydrophilic-hydrophobic conflicts.
Feeding HUFA and vitamin C-enriched Moina micrura enhances growth and survival of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) larvae
2019, AquacultureCitation Excerpt :Thus, there is a need to enhance the nutritional quality by enriching them with HUFA. By taking advantage of primitive feeding characteristics, it is possible to manipulate the nutritional value of zooplanktons by pre-feeding (Scott and Middleton, 1979) to enrich Moina (Das et al., 2007), Artemia (Han et al., 2000) and rotifers (Olsen et al., 1993; Rainuzzo et al., 1994). The importance of HUFA in larval fish nutrition has been extensively investigated during the past years (Watanabe and Kiron, 1994; Sargent et al., 1999).
The relationship between enrichment, fatty acid profiles and bacterial load in cultured rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis L-strain) and Artemia (Artemia salina strain Franciscana)
2011, AquacultureCitation Excerpt :Although it has been observed that rotifers might have the ability to produce PUFA, the quantities synthesized are too low to assure high larval survival; Artemia, on the other hand, are naturally poor in EFA (Koven et al., 1990; Czesny et al., 1999; Copeman et al., 2002; Bell et al., 2003). Therefore, both preys are considered to be suboptimal for larval nutrition, especially when compared to wild copepods (Sargent et al., 1997; Nanton and Castell, 1999; Han et al., 2000; Hanaee et al., 2005). It is common practice to enrich rotifers and Artemia with phytoplankton (Gatesoupe, 1991) or with commercial products rich in EFA.