Why the upper limbs move during human walking
References (12)
- et al.
Brain Res.
(1975) - et al.
J. Biomech.
(1978) - et al.
Brain
(1965) - et al.
Bull. Prosth. Res.
(1969) J. Agressologie
(1977)Hum. Biol.
(1939)
Cited by (15)
Arm sway holds sway: Locomotor-like modulation of leg reflexes when arms swing in alternation
2014, NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :This arm swing could be a passive reaction to the leg motions (Gerdy, 1829; Pontzer et al., 2009) or rather a manifestation of an active control by the neural system because arm muscles contract rhythmically even if arm swing is prevented (Elftman, 1939; Ballesteros et al., 1965). However, it is not obvious what purpose this alternated rhythmic muscle contraction serves, in fact it could be regarded as wasteful (Jackson, 1983). This neural control could be an evolutionary remnant of quadrupedal locomotion where movements in the upper limbs are partly coordinated with the hindlimbs through propriospinal pathways that connect cervical and lumbar spinal circuits such as central-pattern-generators (CPGs) activated rhythmically in alternation (Dietz, 2002; Juvin et al., 2012).
Acquisition of the lateral inconsistency in involuntary behaviour of upper limbs in 12-year-old children during walking at moderate speed
2006, HOMO- Journal of Comparative Human BiologySherlock Holmes and the curious case of the human locomotor central pattern generator
2018, Journal of NeurophysiologyRestricted arm swing affects gait stability and increased walking speed alters trunk movements in children with cerebral palsy
2016, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience