Fig. 1. Reproductive systems of adult female H. zea showing normal, agonadal, and intermediate malformed tissues resulting from Hz-2V infection of different life stages. (A) Normal female ovarioles (ov), lateral oviduct (lo), common oviduct (co), cervix bursa (ce), corpus bursa (cb), and seminal duct (sd). (B) Slightly malformed reproductive tissues of adult female infected with Hz-2V during the late sixth larval instar. (C) Malformed reproductive tissues of female infected during the late fifth larval instar. (D) Grossly malformed reproductive tissues of a typical agonadal female adult moth arising from an egg laid by an infected adult female. Note the difference in development of the lateral oviducts, common oviducts, cervix bursae, and corpus bursae in each of the panels.

Fig. 2. Normal and agonadal reproductive systems of 4 dpp agonadal female H. zea. (A) Normal ovarioles (ov), lateral oviduct (lo), common oviducts (co), accessory glands (ag), cervix bursa (ce), and corpus bursa (cb). (B) Grossly malformed and enlarged reproductive tissues of a 4 dpp agonadal female H. zea exhibiting a vast difference in the size of the oviduct tissues.

Fig. 3. Electron micrographs showing the differences in development of oviduct tissues in pharate adult and adult female H. zea. (A) Normal 7 dpp common oviduct showing a single layer of epithelial cells containing spherical to ovoid nuclei (N), and lined on the lumen (L) side by a well developed membranous layer (ML) comprised of a procuticle (P) and an epicuticle (E). Inset. Magnified section of the cuticular lining revealing more detail in the procuticle (P) and epicuticle (E). (B) Agonadal 4 dpp lateral oviduct malformed into tissues comprised of multiple layers of cells. Cells exposed to the lumen often formed microvilli (M), which projected into the lumen. Inset. Magnified section of the apical side of the cells revealing several microvilli projecting into the lumen. (C) Normal adult lateral oviduct with mature membranous lining comprised of a thin procuticle lined by a thick epicuticle. (D) Cephalad end of normal 10 dpp lateral oviduct showing diffuse membranous layer lining the lumen.

Fig. 4. Electron micrographs of oviduct tissues from agonadal females. (A) Lateral oviduct of an agonadal female 10 dpp showing numerous virus particles (V) filling the lumen (L) (inset, lower right) and organized in arrays in infected nuclei (Ni) (inset, upper right). Note the absence of a well-defined nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleus of the virus-infected cell on the right. (B) Common oviduct of a 10 dpp agonadal female showing cluster of cells containing infected nuclei (Ni) filled with virus particles. The infected cells are electron-dense and therefore stain more darkly than uninfected cells [cells with normal nuclei (N)].

Fig. 5. Electron micrographs of oviduct tissues from agonadal females. (A) Lateral oviduct from an agonadal 10 dpp female showing an infected cell lysing and releasing virus particles (V) from the infected nucleus (Ni) into the lumen (L). Inset. Magnified section of the partially lysed, virus-filled cell, revealing tightly packed virus particles. (B) Lumen of the lateral oviduct from an agonadal 10 dpp female containing a large, virus-filled vesicle with a broken or degraded outer membrane, allowing virus particles to spill into the lumen. (C) Common oviduct from an agonadal 7.5 dpp female showing a virus-filled vesicle at a cellular junction along the lumen. This vesicle has also partially lysed, releasing virus particles into the lumen.

Fig. 6. Electron micrographs of cervix bursae tissues from normal and agonadal females. (A) Normal adult cervix bursa showing a single layer of epithelial cells containing spherical to ovoid nuclei (N). Part of a thick procuticle (P) is also shown, appearing as alternating waves of light and dark tissue. The epicuticle is not shown. (B) The cuticular lining and the contents of the lumen of a cervix bursa from an agonadal 10 dpp female. The lining is composed of a comparatively thin procuticle and epicuticle (E), and an extensive mass of virus particles intermingled with a dark staining substance fills the lumen (L).

Fig. 7. Electron micrographs of the cervix bursa from a newly emerged, agonadal adult female moth. (A) Part of the thick procuticle (P) and thinner epicuticle (E) are shown lining the lumen (L), which contains numerous spheres of various sizes comprised of virus particles (V) intermingled with a dark staining substance. (B) Higher magnification of the virus-filled spheres. Note the lack of a membrane surrounding the spheres.

Table 1. The effect of the injection of Hz-2V into H. zea at different life stages