Fig. 1. LSHM schematic of major water fluxes and reservoirs (W^* similar reservoir for the three soil layers).

Fig. 2. Comparison of observed and simulated surface soil temperature at Cabauw (April 22–May 2): (a) hourly data; and (b) monthly averages.

Fig. 3. Hourly time series of soil surface temperature at Cabauw for the two 10-day periods when the differences between model results and observations are the largest: (a) January 1–10; and (b) July 1–10.

Fig. 4. Comparison of observed and simulated monthly averages of net radiation at Cabauw.

Fig. 5. Comparison of estimated (Beljaars and Bosveld, 1997) and simulated monthly averages of ground heat flux at Cabauw.

Fig. 6. Comparison of estimated (Beljaars and Bosveld, 1997) and simulated sensible heat flux at Cabauw (April 22–May 2): (a) hourly data; and (b) monthly averages.

Fig. 7. Comparison of estimated (Beljaars and Bosveld, 1997) and simulated latent heat flux at Cabauw (April 22–May 2): (a) hourly data; and (b) monthly averages.

Fig. 8. Comparison of observed and simulated snow depth at Valdai for the 1966–1983 period.

Fig. 9. Comparison of observed and simulated evaporation at Valdai: (a) hourly data; and (b) monthly averages.

Fig. 10. Comparison of observed and simulated soil moisture storage in the top 1 m of soil at Valdai: (a) monthly averages; and (b) seasonal cycle.

Fig. 11. Comparison of observed streamflow and simulated total runoff for the Valdai data set: (a) scatter plot of monthly averages (R is the correlation coefficient); and (b) seasonal cycle.

Fig. 12. (a) Scatter plot of monthly observed streamflow versus watertable depths; (b) Scatter plot of runoff residuals versus watertable depth. Runoff residuals are calculated as the difference between observed streamflow and simulated total runoff.

Fig. 13. Difference between June–July–August (JJA) simulations of 1988 and of 1987: (a) latent heat fluxes; (b) sensible heat fluxes.

Fig. 14. Map of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) anomalies [−0.5; 0.5] during the 1988 drought (light (low) to dark (high) green—positive NDVI anomalies; light (low) to dark (high) brown—negative NDVI anomalies; source NASA).