Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Pullback permanence in a non-autonomous competitive Lotka–Volterra model
Received 5 December 2001;
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Abstract
The goal of this work is to study in some detail the asymptotic behaviour of a non-autonomous Lotka–Volterra model, both in the conventional sense (as t→∞) and in the “pullback” sense (starting a fixed initial condition further and further back in time). The non-autonomous terms in our model are chosen such that one species will eventually die out, ruling out any conventional type of permanence. In contrast, we introduce the notion of “pullback permanence” and show that this property is enjoyed by our model. This is not just a mathematical artifice, but rather shows that if we come across an ecology that has been evolving for a very long time we still expect that both species are represented (and their numbers are bounded below), even if the final fate of one of them is less happy. The main tools in the paper are the theory of attractors for non-autonomous differential equations, the sub-supersolution method and the spectral theory for linear elliptic equations.
Author Keywords: Non-autonomous differential equations; Competitive diffusion system; Pullback attractor; Permanence
Mathematical subject codes: 35J55; 35B41; 35K57; 37L05; 92D25
Article Outline
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Non-autonomous attractors
- 3. Order-preserving non-autonomous differential equations
- 4. The non-autonomous logistic equation
- 5. Non-autonomous Lotka–Volterra competition model
- 6. Existence of a non-autonomous attractor and pullback permanence for the Lotka–Volterra competition model
- 6.1. Absorbing set in X
- 6.2. Absorbing set in
- 6.3. On the structure of the pullback attractor and pullback permanence
- 7. Conclusions
- References







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