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Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Volume 64, Issue 14, July 2000, Pages 2363-2369
 
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doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00372-0    How to Cite or Link Using DOI (Opens New Window)
Copyright © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article

Accretion and primary differentiation of the Earth: a personal journey

Michael J. DrakeCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, a

a Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092 USA

Received 13 November 1999;
revised 7 February 2000;
accepted 7 February 2000.
Available online 6 July 2000.

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Abstract

The accretion of the Earth was a violent series of events dominated by the addition of objects one third to one tenth of the mass of the growing planet. During the later stages of accretion, these collisions deposited enough energy to at least partly melt the Earth, possibly multiple times. The result was an ocean of magma. Metal sank through this magma ocean and ponded at its base at roughly the depth of the base of the current upper mantle for some period of time before transiting diapirically through the lower mantle to the center of the planet. Metal appears to have equilibrated with silicate at the base of the magma ocean. The primitive atmosphere and ocean appear to have outgassed from the magma ocean. Core formation, magma ocean solidification, ocean and atmospheric outgassing were essentially complete by 4.45 Ga ago.

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. The “crime” and the “evidence”
3. Formation and accretion of the Earth
3.1. Metal-silicate equilibrium and the excess siderophile element problem
3.2. Heterogeneous accretion
3.3. Inefficient core formation
3.4. Core formation in a magma ocean environment
4. Solidification of the magma ocean
5. Formation of the primitive atmosphere and ocean
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References




 
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