Barium variation in Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) otoliths: A potential indicator of migration between an embayment and ocean waters in south-eastern Australia
Introduction
Understanding the migration behaviour of fish is necessary for determining spatial population structure, local population dynamics, and habitat use. Knowledge of migration behaviour has, however, been limited by the lack of methods for studying movement of fish over their entire lives. Recent work has demonstrated that fish otoliths, calcified structures found in the inner ear, have the potential to store information on both the environmental and movement histories of fish (Campana, 1999, Campana and Thorrold, 2001). This is possible because the incorporation of certain chemical elements into otoliths can be influenced by variation in environmental factors such as temperature (Townsend et al., 1992, Elsdon and Gillanders, 2002), salinity (Secor et al., 1995, Secor and Rooker, 2000), and the concentration of elements in the water (Gallahar and Kingsford, 1996, Bath et al., 2000, Elsdon and Gillanders, 2004). Further, because otoliths grow throughout life and are metabolically inert, they can permanently record environmental variations experienced over the entire lifespan (Campana, 1999). Otoliths also exhibit microstructure features such as daily and annual growth increments (Pannella, 1971, Campana and Thorrold, 2001) that allow chemical variations within otoliths to be placed into a chronological context. Individual migration histories can therefore be reconstructed from otoliths by coupling chronologies of otolith chemistry with knowledge of spatial variation in the environmental parameters known to influence otolith chemistry.
Previous studies of diadromous fish have used chronologies of otolith strontium:calcium (Sr:Ca) ratios, and the Sr isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr), to indicate movement patterns of fish between marine, brackish and freshwater environments (Secor, 1992, Secor et al., 1995, Kennedy et al., 1997, Tzeng et al., 1997, Milton and Chenery, 2003). However, the use of otolith Sr to indicate migration history can be ambiguous, particularly where movement is across smaller salinity gradients (Kraus and Secor, 2004), and the 87Sr/86Sr ratio is generally constant in marine waters (Hodell et al., 1989). The use of otolith chemistry to infer movement histories of fish among marine dominated water bodies (i.e. constant salinity) may therefore depend on interpreting variations of other trace elements in otoliths. Trace elements found in otoliths, such as manganese (Mn), and barium (Ba), have nutrient type profiles in marine waters and potential to be enriched (above oceanic waters) in inshore coastal waters and marine dominated bays and estuaries (Bruland, 1983, Thorrold et al., 1997). For Ba in particular, there is also growing evidence that incorporation into otoliths is driven primarily by ambient concentration (Bath et al., 2000, Elsdon and Gillanders, 2004).
Assessing the potential for trace elements in otoliths to be used as indicators of migration between water bodies will initially require knowledge of variation in ambient chemistry between the water bodies of interest and over time (i.e. bay/estuary versus ocean). If consistent spatial differences in ambient water chemistry are demonstrated, it will then be necessary to validate relationships between levels of specific elements in the water and incorporation into otoliths of the species of interest. Furthermore, it will also be important to demonstrate that variations in elemental incorporation into otoliths are not significantly influenced by factors such as ontogeny, stress, and seasonal variations in temperature and/or growth (Kalish, 1991, Kalish, 1992, Sadovy and Severin, 1992, Sadovy and Severin, 1994). Significant influences of these factors on incorporation rates could result in confounding of interpretations of migration history from otolith chemistry.
Snapper, Pagrus auratus (Sparidae), support major commercial and recreational fisheries in Australia, New Zealand and Japan (Kailola et al., 1993, Fujita et al., 1996). In south-eastern Australia the major fisheries for this species are localised in the large bays and gulfs (Coutin et al., 2003, Fowler et al., 2003), with one of the most important fisheries occurring within Port Phillip, a large sheltered bay in western Victoria (Fig. 1). During the spring/summer (October–February) adult snapper migrate into Port Phillip from ocean waters to spawn, and are thought to return to the ocean in autumn (March–May), although longer term residency in both coastal and bay waters is also suspected (Coutin et al., 2003). The fishery is concentrated on migratory adults within Port Phillip Bay over the summer months (Coutin et al., 2003). Consequently, understanding the dynamics of these migrations is critical to understanding yearly fluctuations in the fishery. Water temperature and salinity differences are negligible (i.e. <2 °C and 2) between Port Phillip Bay and Victorian coastal waters. Port Phillip Bay, however, receives inputs from a catchment that includes approximately 4,000,000 people, considerable industrial development, one major and several minor rivers, and a sewerage treatment facility (Longmore et al., 1999, Murray and Parslow, 1999) (Fig. 1). These inputs coupled with Port Phillip Bay's narrow entrance and long flushing time (approximately 300 days) (Walker, 1999) offer strong potential for enrichment of its waters, above ocean levels, with trace elements that could be incorporated into otoliths.
We were interested in investigating whether otolith chemistry could provide information on movement of snapper between Port Phillip Bay and coastal waters. We initially compared ambient water chemistry (magnesium – Mg, calcium – Ca, Mn, Ba, Sr) among Port Phillip Bay, two other bays where adult snapper occur, and Victorian coastal waters. Based on these comparisons, we identified Ba as a potential migration indicator. To determine if otolith Ba could provide a reliable proxy for ambient Ba, we investigated relationships between ambient Ba levels and levels in otolith margins of wild caught juvenile and adult snapper. We also used otoliths from adult snapper maintained in tanks for three years to investigate whether seasonal temperature and/or growth cycles might influence variation in otolith Ba. To further assess longer-term stability of coastal water Ba levels we used Ba levels across otoliths from ocean resident and tag/recaptured snapper as a proxy for ambient levels. Based on these preliminary investigations we attempted to interpret chronological Ba variation in adult snapper otoliths in terms of residence periods in Port Phillip Bay.
Section snippets
Water chemistry
Initially we investigated spatial variation in water chemistry (Mg, Ca, Mn, Sr, Ba) across Victoria's three major bay/estuaries (all marine dominated) where adult snapper can occur; Port Phillip, Western Port, Corner Inlet, and inshore coastal waters (Fig. 1, Table 1). This spatial comparison was conducted during summer (February/March) 2001. Secondly, we investigated temporal variation in ambient water chemistry. This involved comparing ambient levels of elements in water samples collected in
Water chemistry
Spatial comparison of water chemistry in summer/autumn 2001, showed that Ba levels were significantly higher in Port Phillip Bay than the other areas sampled (Fig. 3), and Mn was significantly higher in Port Phillip Bay than ocean waters (Fig. 3). Mg, Ca, and Sr were significantly lower in Port Phillip Bay than Corner Inlet, although the differences were minor compared to overall levels (Fig. 3), and there were no differences among Port Phillip Bay, Western Port and ocean waters (Fig. 3).
Incorporation of Ba into snapper otoliths
Incorporation of Ba into snapper otoliths was positively correlated with ambient levels. Our field based results for snapper are consistent with previous studies of other species that have indicated ambient levels are a major influence on Ba incorporation into otoliths (Bath et al., 2000, Milton and Chenery, 2001, Wells et al., 2003, Elsdon and Gillanders, 2004, Elsdon and Gillanders, 2005a, Elsdon and Gillanders, 2005b). The Ba partition coefficients for snapper (0.43–0.46) were within the
Conclusions
Our results for snapper support the use of otolith Ba as a proxy for ambient Ba levels across different life-stages. Knowledge of spatial and temporal variation in ambient Ba can therefore be used to interpret migration history from Ba chronologies in otoliths. Enrichment of Ba in marine dominated bays and estuaries, such as Port Phillip, may be a common phenomenon that will allow otolith chemistry to provide detailed information on the use of these habitats by coastal fish.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank D. McKeown and P. Oliviero for feeding the tank fish and assistance with field collections, and Y. Lahaye for assistance with laser ablation methods. This research was supported by a grant awarded to G.P.J. from the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (1999/34) and Fisheries Victoria.
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