Chapter Five - Chitin and Chitosan Composites for Bone Tissue Regeneration
Introduction
A very significant clinical problem, which we face nowadays, is bone injuries and defects, which are due to trauma, osteoporosis, and tumors. Most of the people find it difficult to be healed naturally and they have to undergo multiple surgeries for recovery. Therefore, bone tissue engineering has become a highly promising tool to tackle the most challenging bone-related clinical issues. Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a new area of regenerative medicine and biomaterials have an essential function concerning cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue formation in three dimensions.
Polymers can serve as a matrix to support cell growth by having various properties (e.g., biocompatibility, biodegradability, porosity, charge, mechanical strength, and hydrophobicity) and they can be easily modified and altered by changing the constituents of monomers in different ratios, controlling polymerization conditions, or introducing various functional groups to them (Lee & Yuk, 2007). Because of the biocompatible and biodegradable behaviors of natural polymers, much attention has been paid to the natural polymer-based composites than synthetic polymer composites for bone tissue engineering applications. The natural-based materials are biopolymers, which include polysaccharides (starch, alginate, chitin/chitosan, hyaluronic acid derivatives) or proteins (soy, collagen (Col), fibrin gels, silk) and a variety of biofibers, such as lignocelluloses (Rezwan, Chen, Blaker, & Boccaccini, 2006).
Section snippets
Chitin
Chitin is a poly(β-(1 → 4)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) and is a natural polysaccharide of which was first identified in 1884. It is the most abundant polymer after cellulose (CEL) and occurs in nature in the exoskeleton of arthropods or in the cell walls of fungi and yeast and in crab and shrimp shells (Rinaudo, 2006). Because of its biodegradability, nontoxicity, physiological inertness, antibacterial properties, fungistatic properties, hydrophilicity, gel-forming properties, and affinity for
Tissue Engineering Applications of Chitin and Chitosan
Tissue engineering has recently emerged as a new interdisciplinary science to repair injured body parts and restore their functions using laboratory-grown tissues, materials, and artificial implants (Suh & Matthew, 2000). Chitosan is a promising polymer for tissue engineering for its nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Moreover, chitosan has structural similarity to glucosaminoglycans, which are the major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) (Girin, Thakur, Alexander,
Applications of Chitin and Chitosan for Bone Tissue Engineering
Chitosan has been extensively used in bone tissue engineering, since it was shown to promote cell growth and mineral-rich matrix deposition by osteoblasts cells in culture (Seol et al., 2004).
Hoctor, Killion, Devine, Geever, and Higginbotham (2013) prepared nanocomposite scaffolds using chitosan (CS) and hydroxyapatite (HA) powder of various known quantities and were subsequently crosslinked. Drying study, swelling studies, compression testing, contact angle testing, differential scanning
Future Prospects
Chitin and chitosan have been extensively studied as a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications. New innovative types of chitin and chitosan and their derivatives in various forms can be prepared and used for tissue engineering applications in the future more efficiently. It is therefore expected that this field will keep growing within the next few years and efforts should be taken to intensify the working collaboration of researchers and technologists from different relevant
Conclusions
A new generation of biodegradable natural biomaterials is emerging due to the significant progress of regenerative medicine with the development of modern science and technology. The attractive features of chitin and chitosan have made it a very promising tool for bone tissue engineering applications because of the ease of preparing derivatives with new properties. Thus, this review summarized the potential biomedical applications of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives in various forms in
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to authorities of D.K.M. College for Women and Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, for the support. Thanks are also due to the editor Dr. Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Bio Process Research Center, Pukyoung National University, South Korea, for the opportunity to review such an innovating field.
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2021, Journal of Taibah University Medical SciencesCitation Excerpt :A nano-hydroxyapatite surface allows osteoblastic cell adhesion and growth; thus, new bone is formed by substitution from adjacent normal bone.5 Chitosan is a biopolymer that has been extensively used in tissue engineering applications because of its adjustable degradation rate, antibacterial effect, antifungal, mucoadhesive, analgesic, and hemostatic properties.6,7 Chitosan can be used in oral drug delivery, guided tissue regeneration, tissue engineering scaffolds, and enamel remineralisation.8