Biological roles of cAMP: similarities and differences between organisms

doi:10.1016/0968-0004(85)90194-X

Trends in Biochemical Sciences

Volume 10, Issue 5, May 1985, Pages 210-212

https://doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(85)90194-X Get rights and content

Abstract

The mode of action of cAMP is completely different in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes, although the proteins which bind cAMP in both cases probably have a common evolutionary origin. Some patterns of regulation through cAMP have been conserved among very different organisms but there are cases where the role of cAMP changes widely from one type of cell to the other. In particular, cAMP cannot be considered a universal ‘hunger’ signal.

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cAMP represses the transcription of some Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes sensitive to catabolite repression. The effect of cAMP on the expression of FBP1, encoding fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FbPase), has been further investigated. In yeast cells shifted to a derepressing medium, synthesis of FbPase was delayed if the strong decrease in intracellular cAMP, which occurs during the shift, was prevented. A similar delay occurred in a RAS2^val19 strain, while in a tpk1^w strain, with weak protein kinase A activity, induction of FbPase occurred earlier than in a TPK1 strain. In the tpk1^w strain, proteins which bind the UAS1 element of FBP1 were present during growth on glucose but they were only weakly operative. Expression of CAT8 and SIP4, encoding proteins which bind the UAS2 element, was blocked by a high concentration of cAMP, but catabolite repression of these genes was not much relieved in a tpk1^w strain. We conclude that in S. cerevisiae, as reported for Schizosaccharomyces pombe, control of FBP1 requires both cAMP-dependent and independent pathways; however, the mechanisms operating in the two yeasts are different.
Inhibition of chloroplast protein phosphorylation by camp in Lemna paucicostata 6746
1996, Phytochemistry
Phosphorylation was carried out in chloroplasts, purified on sucrose density gradient, using [γ-³²P]ATP. Among several phosphopolypeptides detected, polypeptides in the M_r range of 24-22 k, which are known to constitute the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein complex (LHCP), and 16-18 k were highly phosphorylated. Cyclic AMP (100 μM) decreased the overall phosphorylation of chloroplast polypeptides and its effect was more striking on LHCP. Other nucleotides such as cGMP, 2′,3′-cAMP, 2′,3′-cGMP and 5′-AMP, at equimolar level, did not show any significant effect on phosphorylation of chloroplast polypeptides. The effect of cAMP was also studied on light-dependent in vitro phosphorylation of chloroplast polypeptides by incubating a crude preparation of intact chloroplasts with [³²Pi]. In dark control, two polypeptides of M_r 66 and 64 k were distinctly phosphorylated. On illumination, several other polypeptides in the range of 97-12 k were also phosphorylated, with the 26-24 k LHCP fraction being the major phosphopolypeptides. Cyclic AMP (at 100 μM and 1 mM) specifically caused a decrease in phosphorylation of the 26-24, 21-20 and 12 k polypeptides. The phosphorylation status of the 66-64 k doublet, as attained in dark, remained unaffected in the presence of light and/or cAMP. Sodium fluoride, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, enhanced the phosphorylation of 26-24, 21-20 and 12 k polypeptides but did not affect the inhibitory action of cAMP. It is thus likely that cAMP down-regulates protein kinase(s) responsible for the phosphorylation of these polypeptides. The present study also provides evidence that this protein kinase is sensitive to staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor.
Alteration in liver plasma membrane phospholipids and protein kinase activities during the development of chick embryo
1995, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and
The changes in phospholipid compositions, membrane fluidity and protein kinase A, protein kinase C, tyrosine and casein kinase activities in chick embryo liver plasma membranes during development have been investigated. The percentage participation of sphingomyelin increased while that of phosphatidylserine decreased during chick embryo development. The alterations in membrane sphingomyelin accompanied an increase of steady-state fluorescence anisotropy (r_s) of membrane bilayer. Regression analysis indicated positive linear correlations between the percentage participation of sphingomyelin in total membrane phospholipids and (i) protein kinase C (r = 0.903); (ii) casein kinase (r = 0.936); (iii) protein kinase A (r = 0.850); (iv) tyrosine kinase (r = 0.960) activities. We suggest that sphingomyelin might be an specific activator for all types of protein kinase activities investigation.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from Lemna paucicostata: Effect of Calmodulin and theophylline
1994, Phytochemistry
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase has been purified partially from aseptically grown Lemna paucicostata 6746 by ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The activity and substrate specificity of this partially purified enzyme has been determined by resolving the hydrolysed nucleotides employing ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC. The enzyme preparation showed higher activity towards 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotides than towards 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides and adenine derivatives were relatively more sensitive to Lemna phosphodiesterase than guanine derivatives. Calmodulin was found to stimulate the enzyme activity both towards 2′,3′- and 3′,5′-isomers, whereas theophylline inhibited the enzyme activity towards 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides. The hydrolysis products of 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides and their 2′,3′-isomers were identified as 5′- and 3′-nucleotides, respectively.
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  1. A comparative analysis was made of chemosignalling systems responsible for the action of hormones, hormone-like substances, pheromones, etc. in vertebrates—multicellular invertebrates—unicel-lular eukaryotes. Many common features revealed in structural-functional organization of the above systems give evidence of their evolutionary conservatism.
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  2. It was shown that some molecular components as well as signal transduction mechanisms similar to those of higher eukaryote hormonal signalling systems are present in such early organisms as bacteria. This allowed a suggestion that the roots of chemosignalling systems are likely to be found in prokaryotes.
- 3.
  3. The evolution of hormonal signalling systems is discussed in terms of current theories of the origin of eukaryotic cell, its organelles and components. A hypothesis is put forward about endosymbiotic genesis of these signal transduction systems in eukaryotes.
- 4.
  4. A possible evolutionary scenario of the formation of hormonocompetent systems is proposed with hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase complex taken as an example.
Effects of cytokines on prostaglandin E and cAMP levels in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro
1990, Archives of Oral Biology
The stimulation of PGE synthesis and cAMP production by cytokines have important physiological effects in many target tissues. The effects of interleukin-1α and -1β, tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ on PGE and cAMP production by periodontal ligament fibroblasts were studied. Fibroblasts in the 4th–6th passage, grown and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% equine serum, were incubated with graded doses of the various cytokines for 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 or 72 h. At the end of each incubation, PGE in the medium and the cellular content of cAMP were evaluated by a combined immunohistochemical microphotometric procedure, and conventional radiometric assays. The fibroblasts responded to all the cytokines with a dose- and time-related increase in the levels of PGE and cAMP. Such increases were inhibited by the inclusion of indomethacin in the medium. The addition of exogenous PGE reversed that inhibition in respect of cAMP production. Immunohistochemical localization showed PGE predominantly in the cytoplasm and cAMP in the nucleus. These findings indicate that: (1) human periodontal ligament fibroblasts respond to these cytokines by increased synthesis of PGE and the production of cAMP; and (2) the cAMP production is secondary to the PGE synthesis. They suggest that these cytokines may regulate the function of these fibroblasts in physiological remodelling of the periodontium, as well as in inflammatory reactions.

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Trends in Biochemical Sciences

ReviewBiological roles of cAMP: similarities and differences between organisms

Abstract

Cell

Cell

FEBS Lett.

Trends Biochem. Sci.

Cell

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

Phytochemistry

Cell

Microbiol. Rev.

J. Bacteriol.

Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res.

Review
Biological roles of cAMP: similarities and differences between organisms