Xanthan biosynthesis in continuous culture: Citric acid as an energy source

doi:10.1016/0922-338X(96)80924-X

Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering

Volume 80, Issue 5, 1995, Pages 485-491

Journal of Fermentat...

https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(96)80924-X Get rights and content

Abstract

Role of citric acid on the biosynthesis of xanthan was studied in continuous culture. Increased citric acid consumption resulted in an increase in ATP production by cells which was used in the synthesis of xanthan. Mass balance equations developed on the basis of xanthan synthesis pathway and citric acid metabolism explain improvement in xanthan production.

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Cited by (24)

Kinetically modelled approach of xanthan production using different carbon sources: A study on molecular weight and rheological properties of xanthan
2021, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Citation Excerpt :
Therefore, this study emphasizes on enhancing the yield and productivity of xanthan gum via optimization of fermentation media on employing various carbon and nitrogen sources. Besides that, the metabolism process of xanthan biosynthesis is generally a series of very complex biochemical reactions/processes within the cells of X. campestris [19–21]. However, the fermentation data is not sufficient to completely elaborate the cell growth and metabolic synthesis in cells [22].
The present study emphasizes improving the overall yield, productivity and quality of xanthan by Xanthomonas campestris using different carbon sources via optimizing the fermentation media and kinetic modelling work. After optimization, six carbon sources and one nitrogen source were selected for xanthan production in 5 L bioreactor. Kinetic modelling was applied to assess the experimental fermentation data and to check its influence on scale-up production. In this work, xanthan production reached 40.65 g/L with a growth-associated rate constant (α) of 2.831, and highest specific growth rate (μm) of 0.37/h while using maltose as the sole carbon source. Furthermore, rheological properties were determined, and Herschel-Bulkley model was employed to assess the experimental data. Interestingly, xanthan obtained from sucrose and glucose showed the highest yield stress (τ₀) of 12.50 ± 0.31 and 7.17 ± 0.21. Moreover, the highest xanthan molecular weight of 3.53 × 10⁷ and 3.25 × 10⁷ g/mol were also found with sucrose and glucose. At last, the proposed mechanism of sugar metabolism and xanthan biosynthesis pathway were described. Conclusively, maltose appeared as the best carbon source for maximum xanthan production: while sucrose and glucose gave qualitatively best results. In short, this systematically modelled approach maximizes the potential output and provides a solid base for continuous cultivation of xanthan at large-scale production.
Improved co-production of S-adenosylmethionine and glutathione using citrate as an auxiliary energy substrate
2013, Bioresource Technology
Citation Excerpt :
In addition, alkalinization can be caused by sodium citrate metabolism, which will result in an enhanced acid tolerance of the microorganisms (Sanchez et al., 2008). Furthermore, sodium citrate can accelerate NAD+-linked dehydrogenase reactions, large amounts of NADH will be formed during this process (Jana and Ghosh, 1995). NADH can be coupled to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and thus lead to enhanced ATP production and greater ratios of ATP to ADP (ATP/ADP) under aerobic conditions (Zhou et al., 2011).
The effects of sodium citrate on the fermentative co-production of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and glutathione (GSH) using Candida utilis CCTCC M 209298 were investigated. Sodium citrate was beneficial for the biosynthesis of SAM and GSH and in turn improved intracellular SAM and GSH contents. Adding 2 g/L of sodium citrate at 15 h was the most efficient approach for achieving elevated co-production of SAM and GSH. Using this sodium citrate addition mode, co-production of SAM and GSH reached 663.9 mg/L, which was increased by 27.5% compared to the control. Based on analysis of the kinetic parameters, evaluation of the energy metabolism and assay of key enzymes, sodium citrate was verified to act as an auxiliary energy substrate for the overproduction of SAM and GSH.
ATP in current biotechnology: Regulation, applications and perspectives
2009, Biotechnology Advances
Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), the most important energy source for metabolic reactions and pathways, plays a vital role in the growth of industrial strain and the production of target metabolites. In this review, current advances in manipulating ATP in industrial strains, including altering NADH availability, and regulating NADH oxidation pathway, oxygen supply, proton gradient, the electron transfer chain activity and the F₀F₁-ATPase activity, are summarized and discussed. By applying these strategies, optimal product concentrations, yields and productivity in industrial biotechnology have been achieved. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which ATP extends the substrate utilization spectra and enhances the ability to challenge harsh environmental stress have been elucidated. Finally, three critical issues related to ATP manipulation have been addressed.
Response surface optimization of medium components for citric acid production by Aspergillus niger NRRL 567 grown in peat moss
2008, Bioresource Technology
Aspergillus niger NRRL 567 was grown in an inert support material for citric acid production. Optimization of the medium components, including ethanol, methanol, phytate, olive oil and surfactant was carried out using “one-factor-at-a-time” and central composite design (CCD) methods. Optimization using “one-factor-at-a-time” was performed and the supplement of ethanol and methanol between 15 and 30 g/kg dry peat moss (DPM) enhanced citric acid production while higher levels than 30 g/kg DPM had an inhibitory effect on citric acid production at 48 and 72 h of incubation. Based on the results of “one-factor-at-a-time” optimization, phytate, olive oil and methanol were the selected additives to test the effect on citric acid production using CCD. The three variables were identified to have significant effects on citric acid production and the maximum citric acid production of 354.8 g/kg DPM was resulted from the combination of 19 g phytate/kg DPM, 49 g olive oil/kg DPM and 37 g methanol/kg DPM at 120 h. Maximum citric acid production in optimized condition by CCD represented about a 2.7-fold increase compared to that obtained from control before optimization.
Optimization study of xanthan gum production using response surface methodology
2007, Biochemical Engineering Journal
The cultural conditions for xanthan gum production by Xanthomonas campestris were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology, to maximize cell and xanthan production in batch experiments using a synthetic broth (Luria-Bertani plus glucose, LBG) without pH control. The individual and interactive effects of three independent variables (agitation rate (100–600 rpm), temperature (25–35 °C), time of cultivation (24–72 h)) on xanthan gum and biomass production were studied, using a face-centered composite design of experiments. A second ordered polynomial model was fitted and optimum conditions were estimated. Overall optimization allowed us to point out an optimal range of the three independent variables. Optimal xanthan gum production was found at 600 rpm 30 °C at 72 h and biomass at 600 rpm, 25 °C at 72 h. Furthermore, the consumption of substrate (glucose) and the variation of pH during the fermentation as well as the molecular weight and the pyruvate content of the formed polysaccharide are reported.
Ram horn hydrolysate as enhancer of xanthan production in batch culture of Xanthomonas campestris EBK-4 isolate
2007, Process Biochemistry
Ram horns are waste materials from the meat industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various concentrations of ram horn (RHH) hydrolysate as a supplement on xanthan production from a local isolate of Xanthomonas campestris EBK-4 in batch culture. Firstly, ram horn hydrolysate was reproduced. The production of xanthan was influenced by the RHH. RHH supplementation promoted X. campestris growth, accelerated substrate metabolism, and increased xanthan production. A concentration of 3% v/v RHH resulted in the highest xanthan concentration (25.6 g/L) in 48 h. This value was 49% higher than that of control medium (17.1 g/L) in the absence of RHH in 60 h. The pyruvate content increased with increasing RHH concentrations. The application of RHH resulted in enhancement of xanthan production.

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Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering

Abstract

References (24)

Biochemical engineering and biotechnology handbook

The development of a two stage xanthan gum fermentation

Cometabolism of citrate and glucose by Leuconostoc spp.: effects on growth substrate and products

J. Appl. Bacteriol.

Two stage fermentation process for improved xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.

Effect of agitation by flat blade impeller on microbial production of xanthan gum

J. Chem. Eng. Japan

Stoichimetric aspects of microbial growth in continuous culture

Oxygen transfer during xanthan production

Energy requirement for microbial exopolysaccharide synthesis

Arch. Microbiol.

Citrate metabolism by Pediococcus halophilus

Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

Citrate metabolism by Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from orange juice

J. Appl. Microbiol.

Xanthan production in an external-circulation loop air lift fermentor

Canadian J. Chem. Eng.

Use of dinitro salicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar

Anal. Chem.

Cited by (24)

Kinetically modelled approach of xanthan production using different carbon sources: A study on molecular weight and rheological properties of xanthan

Improved co-production of S-adenosylmethionine and glutathione using citrate as an auxiliary energy substrate

ATP in current biotechnology: Regulation, applications and perspectives

Response surface optimization of medium components for citric acid production by Aspergillus niger NRRL 567 grown in peat moss

Optimization study of xanthan gum production using response surface methodology

Ram horn hydrolysate as enhancer of xanthan production in batch culture of Xanthomonas campestris EBK-4 isolate

OriginalXanthan biosynthesis in continuous culture: Citric acid as an energy source

Abstract

Biochemical engineering and biotechnology handbook

The development of a two stage xanthan gum fermentation

Cometabolism of citrate and glucose by Leuconostoc spp.: effects on growth substrate and products

J. Appl. Bacteriol.

Two stage fermentation process for improved xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459

J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.

Effect of agitation by flat blade impeller on microbial production of xanthan gum

J. Chem. Eng. Japan

Stoichimetric aspects of microbial growth in continuous culture

Oxygen transfer during xanthan production

Energy requirement for microbial exopolysaccharide synthesis

Arch. Microbiol.

Citrate metabolism by Pediococcus halophilus

Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

Citrate metabolism by Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from orange juice

J. Appl. Microbiol.

Xanthan production in an external-circulation loop air lift fermentor

Canadian J. Chem. Eng.

Use of dinitro salicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar

Anal. Chem.

Original
Xanthan biosynthesis in continuous culture: Citric acid as an energy source