The relative availability of phosphorus in inorganic feed phosphates for young turkeys and pigs

doi:10.1016/0377-8401(85)90047-1

Animal Feed Science and Technology

Volume 13, Issues 1–2, October 1985, Pages 117-130

https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(85)90047-1 Get rights and content

Abstract

The relative biological availability of phosphorus in four inorganic feed phosphates was estimated in three experiments.

Experiment 1, which involved turkey poults, compared monocalcium phosphate (MCP), hydrated dicalcium phosphate (DCP-hydr.) and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, brand A (DCP-anhydr. A). The feed phosphates were added to a low-phosphorus basal diet at four levels: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g P per kg feed. Response parameters were live-weight gain, feed:gain ratio, P content of the tibia and the apparent digestion coefficient of P at the terminal ileum.

Response to P-dose was lowest for all parameters with DCP-anhydr. as the P source. With MCP as the phosphorus source, apparent P-digestion at the terminal ileum responded significantly better to P-dose than with DCP-hydr. A linear response was obtained only with the lower three levels of DCP-hydr. and DCP-anhydr. and with P-content of the tibia as the response parameter. From the dose response curves, biological availability of P in DCP-anhydr. A, relative to that in DCP-hydr., was estimated by the slope ratio technique to be 0.71 (95% confidence limits of ratio: 0.58–0.91).

In experiments 2 and 3, which involved young pigs aged 10–15 weeks, apparent digestion of P was used as the response parameter for estimating the relative biological availability of MCP, DCP-hydr. and DCP-anhydr. (brands A and B). DCP-hydr. and DCP-anhydr. were added to a low phosphorus basal diet at three levels: 0, 0.8 and 1.6 g P per kg feed and MCP 0 and 1.6 g P per kg feed. If biological availability of P in DCP-hydr. is set at 1.00, the values for DCP-anhydr. (brand A) and DCP-anhydr. (brand B) would be 0.887 (95% confidence limits: 0.769–0.998) and 0.879 (0.727–1.03). For MCP, biological availability of P was 1.25 and 1.16 in experiments 2 and 3, respectively. These values were significantly different from 1.00 (P < 0.05).

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Phosphorus nutrition of growing pigs
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The coexistence of multiple phosphate forms in individual commercial products was usually not suggested in the labels (Soares, Jr., 1995). The relative concentrations of dicalcium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate in a specific source of feed phosphate might not be important because both forms of P are equally digestible, but the bioavailability of P in anhydrous dicalcium phosphate appeared to be 88% of that in the hydrated form, because the dissolution in stomach may be slower for anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (Grimbergen et al., 1985). Phosphate is absorbed in inorganic form from both inorganic and organic sources after hydrolysis (Jongbloed, 1987).
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for diverse biological processes, which aggregate to the animal's requirement for P, and nutritionists strive to meet this requirement accurately. The P demand for a growing pig comprises requirements for maintenance and tissue deposition. The P in feed ingredients, however, must be digested and absorbed before its ultimate partition between the 2 aforementioned requirement components. Phosphorus from various sources could behave differently during digestion and absorption, which results in their disparate bioavailability for pigs. The system of standardized total tract digestibility reflects true total tract digestibility of P and feed ingredient effects on specific endogenous P loss with relative ease of implementation, and this system guarantees satisfactory additivity in digestible P among the ingredients in a diet—the foundation for diet formulation. The basal endogenous P loss, which is much easier to measure than the specific endogenous P loss, is considered as part of the pig's maintenance requirement. With this arrangement, a digestibility framework is established both for measuring the P-providing capacity of various feed ingredients and for describing the pig's P requirement. This framework entails basic understanding of the function, digestion, absorption, excretion, and homeostasis of P as support pillars. Understanding the workings of this framework enables potential integration of factors such as environment conditions and disease status in future P requirement models. The current review discusses dietary sources, digestion, absorption, bioavailability and requirement of P for growing pigs to understand the status quo, revealing the points of consensus as well as those of debate, and to encourage further investigation to provide more clarity.
A higher water-soluble phosphorus supplement in pig diet improves the whole system phosphorus use efficiency
2020, Journal of Cleaner Production
Citation Excerpt :
In addition, the different manufacturing conditions employed in the production of DCP and MDCP may also lead to subtle changes and altered the absorption of P by animals (Petersen and Stein, 2006; Smol et al., 2019). Grimbergen et al. (1985) reported that supplementation of weaned piglet diets with anhydrous DCP increased animal growth, as compared to hydrated-DCP. Petersen and Stein (2006) also showed that P in food-grade anhydrous monosodium phosphate (MSP) was more bioavailable than P in DCP.
Low phosphorus use efficiency in livestock production has contributed greatly to the unsustainable depletion of phosphorus rock reserves, and to subsequent impacts on the environment. In this study, we compared the effects of two contrasting water-soluble phosphorus supplements on phosphorus use efficiencies through the ‘rock mining – feed – pig – crop’ system, as this whole system analysis has not been explored in previous studies. Weaned piglets were individually fed one of eight different diets that were formulated using two water-soluble phosphorus supplements, a high water soluble (HWS) and a low water soluble (LWS) supplement, at different levels of inclusion in the diet, and production indicators were measured. The total phosphorus content and different phosphorus fractions were measured in the resulting manure, and in the soil following manure application. At the whole system level, the diet supplemented with 0.20%HWS increased average daily gain and apparent total tract digestibility of feed phosphorus by 21.9% and 21.7%, and reduced manure total phosphorus and water soluble inorganic phosphorus by 37.7% and 43.9%, compared with the 0.20%LWS amended diet. The 0.10%HWS supplement increased phosphorus use efficiency of the whole system by 18.1%, compared to 0.20%LWS supplement. These results suggest that a shift of pig feed supplementation from lower to higher water-soluble supplements could be an effective strategy for sustainable phosphorus use through the whole pig production system, and provides new insights for sustainable livestock production in countries with severe challenges from phosphorus shortages and pollution.
Recent developments in determination of available phosphorus in poultry
2015, Journal of Applied Poultry Research
Due to the increase in the prices for feed phosphates, acceptance of the finiteness of the global phosphate stores and environmental concerns associated with excessive excretion of phosphorus, i.e., P, by livestock, the knowledge about the availability of P from different P sources has gained in importance in the last decade. The development of a standardized method for P evaluation has been the first step for optimizing the dietary P concentration in poultry diets. The determination of exact quantitative values of the P availability in different plant and mineral P sources will make it possible to formulate diets which are closer in their available P content to the needs of a bird while minimizing or avoiding excess supplementation. Because many studies were published that were based on bone data and relative bioavailability calculations, we investigated whether relative bioavailability data obtained with bones can be recalculated and merged with the quantitative data into one P availability table. It was concluded from this comparison that it was not possible to combine data from quantitative and relative P availability measurements into one P availability table.
Comparison of retention and prececal digestibility measurements in evaluating mineral phosphorus sources in broilers
2012, Poultry Science
Citation Excerpt :
In the present study, we used a corn-soybean meal-based diet (0.35% P of feed DM), which was supplemented with 3 graded P levels. In young turkeys, Grimbergen et al. (1985) determined pc digestibility of P from DCPa to be 35%, which confirms the values found in the present study with broilers. Leske and Coon (2002) demonstrated that the retention of P from different P sources depends on the amount of the P source included in a corn-soybean meal-based diet.
The objectives of this study were to compare measurements of retention and prececal (pc) digestibility in evaluating mineral phosphorus (P) sources in 3- and 5-wk-old broilers. A corn-soybean meal-based basal diet was used (0.35% P on DM basis). Anhydrous monosodium phosphate (MSP_a) or anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP_a) was supplemented to increment the P concentration by 0.08%, 0.16%, and 0.24%. Titanium dioxide was used as the indigestible marker. Two retention trials with excreta collection from d 16 to 20 and d 30 to 34 were conducted (n = 8 birds per diet). Another 8 pens of 10 birds from the same hatch were allocated to each diet on d 11 or 25 each to measure pc digestibility in both age periods. After 10 d of feeding, these birds were euthanized and the content of a defined section of the terminal ileum was obtained. Percentage P retention and pc digestibility for MSP_a and DCP_a were calculated by linear regression analysis. In 3-wk-old broilers, P retention for MSP_a was 70% and significantly higher (P < 0.001) than for DCP_a (29%). Values determined for pc digestibility at the same age were very similar (67% for MSP_a and 30% for DCP_a; P < 0.001). In 5-wk-old broilers, P retention was 63% (MSP_a) and 29% (DCP_a; P < 0.001) and pc digestibility was 54% (MSP_a) and 25% (DCP_a; P = 0.002). We concluded that both retention and pc digestibility can be used for evaluating mineral P sources in broilers based on a regression approach. In 3-wk-old broilers, results obtained with both approaches were the same. In 5-wk-old broilers, the ranking of the 2 P sources was also the same for both approaches. Values did not differ significantly between the 2 age periods, but further studies on the relevance of broilers’ age in P evaluation are suggested.
Comparison and evaluation of bone measurements for the assessment of mineral phosphorus sources in broilers
2012, Poultry Science
Citation Excerpt :
There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the slopes (MSPa vs. DCPa) in both periods. In confirmation of Huyghebaert et al. (1980) and Grimbergen et al. (1985), it is concluded that BW gain and feed conversion cannot be used as indicators of P availability. The studies described here were linked with another study that determined and compared the availability of the mineral phosphates based on P retention and prececal digestibility (Shastak et al., 2012).
The main objective of this study was to compare different bone measurements in response to supplements of mineral P sources. Comparisons were also made with P retention and digestibility responses determined in a companion study and with blood inorganic phosphate (P_i) responses. A corn-soybean meal-based basal diet was used (0.35% total P on DM basis). Anhydrous monosodium phosphate (MSP_a) or anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP_a) was supplemented to increment the P concentration by 0.08%, 0.16%, or 0.24%. Each of the 7 diets was fed for 10 d starting 11 d (period 1) or 25 d posthatch (period 2). Bone ash and P were determined, and density criteria were measured using quantitative computed tomography. Responses were evaluated and compared based on linear regression analysis. In general, responses to MSP_a had a greater slope than DCP_a for all criteria studied. In period 1, differences between the slopes were significant (P < 0.05) for almost all bone criteria. In period 2, the slopes significantly differed for the amounts of ash and P of all bones studied, for tibia, tarsometatarus, and foot ash percentage, for total and cortical density of tibiae, but not for the other criteria. For the different bones, the ratio of slopes for MSP_a and DCP_a was very similar based on the amount of ash in both periods. Foot ash proved to be as sensitive as tibia ash for evaluation of mineral P sources in both periods. Ninety-four percent of the variance of the corticalis content based on quantitative computed tomography measurements could be explained by the amount of tibia ash in period 1. Blood serum P_i and BW gain were not suitable for P evaluation. We concluded that the ranking of mineral P sources based on bone criteria differed from the ranking that was based on P retention or prececal digestibility. This underlines the need for developing a standard protocol of determination of available P in poultry.
A note on sampling digesta from the ileum of broilers in phosphorus digestibility studies
2012, Poultry Science
Citation Excerpt :
The observation that the ratio between retained Ca and retained P was about 2 to 1 in both experiments across the whole range of intake studied (Figure 2) also indicates that Ca was not a limiting factor for P retention. Both retention and pc digestibility measurements were used for the evaluation of availability of P sources in poultry (Grimbergen et al., 1985; Van der Klis and Versteegh, 1996; De Groote and Huyghebaert, 1997; Leske and Coon, 2002; Rodehutscord and Dieckmann, 2005). As long as the P supply is below the requirement of the birds, both retention and pc digestibility approaches give very similar estimates of availability for the supplemented P sources, as indicated by the similarity in responses shown in Figures 1 and 3.
The responses of broilers to increments of dietary P concentration in P retention and P prececal digestibility were studied in 2 experiments using Ross 308 broilers in their fourth week of age. The low-P basal diet was mainly based on corn, potato protein, and corn starch. Titanium dioxide was used as the indigestible marker. Monobasic calcium phosphate was added in 6 (experiment 1) or 5 (experiment 2) graded levels up to a maximum of 8.1 g of P/kg of the diet. Five (experiment 1) and 6 (experiment 2) replicated pens of 10 birds were used. Excreta were collected from trays underneath the pens. Birds were asphyxiated by carbon dioxide exposure and the ileum (from Meckel's diverticulum to 2-cm anterior to the ileo-ceca-colonic junction) was dissected. Digesta was collected from the entire section (experiment 1) or from 3 subsections of equal lengths (experiment 2). Excretion of P increased linearly with increasing dietary P concentration up to a level of about 5.2 g of P/kg of the diet and increased nonlinearly with further increase in dietary P. In contrast, P flow in the ileum increased linearly over the entire range of P intake. Up to the level of 5.2 g of P/kg of the diet, P excretion was slightly lower than P flow in the ileum, but responses in P excretion and P flow in the ileum were similar, suggesting that P excretion with urine is very low and unaffected by P intake when the birds are supplied with P below their requirement. Between the 3 subsections of the ileum, calculated digestibility was significantly different for the basal diet and the diet with the 3 lowest levels of P supplementation. We concluded that the response in P prececal digestibility to increments in dietary P concentration is linear over a wider range of dietary P than the response in P retention. When digesta is collected from the ileum for determination of P prececal digestibility, the first third of the ileum should not be considered.

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The relative availability of phosphorus in inorganic feed phosphates for young turkeys and pigs

Abstract

J. Nutr.

J. Nutr.

J. Nutr.

J. Nutr.

Determination of phosphate composition of stock food calcium phosphate

J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem.

Statistical Method in Biological Assay

Influence of soybean meal on growth and phosphorus availability in turkey poults

Poult. Sci.

Biological availability of phosphorus in feed phosphates for broilers

Phosphorus in Swine Nutrition