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0 → π+π−π+π− decay in effective lagrangians incorporating vector-mesons
(11P1) proposed by the CLEO Collaboration some years ago can be excluded on the basis of these inequalities. If, in addition, the vector exchange potential satisfies the condition of asymptotic freedom, then the singlet state must be very close to the centre of gravity of the triplet state.
decays are possible where ντ is an extra neutrino,
doi:10.1016/0370-2693(90)91907-S 
Copyright © 1990 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Astrophysical constraints on mini-charged particles
Received 13 July 1990.
Available online 15 October 2002.
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Abstract
In a large class of popular gauge models, electric charge quantization among the observed quarks and leptons has been shown to follow from anomaly constraints and the requirement of neutrinos being Majorana particles. Such theories allow new particles with arbitrary charges whose presence can lead to a variety of physical effects. In this paper, we show that observations from SN1987A rule out charges Qε and masses mε of these mini-charged particles in the range 10−9
Q10−7 for mε10MeV.
