Copyright © 1994 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Bounds on certain multiplications of affine combinations
Received 3 June 1992.
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Abstract
Let A and B be n × n matrices the entries of which are affine combinations of the variables a1,…,am, b1,…,bm over GF(2). Suppose that, for each i, 1
i
m, the term aibi is an element of the product matrix C = A · B. What is the maximum value that m can have as a function of n? This question arises from a recent technique for improving the communication complexity of zero-knowledge proofs.
The obvious upper bound of n2 is improved to
. Tighter bounds are obtained for smaller values of n. The bounds for n = 2, n = 3, and n = 4 are tight.







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be defined by
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