Splashing a ship with collision-generated spray

doi:10.1016/0165-232X(87)90045-0

Cold Regions Science and Technology

Volume 14, Issue 1, June 1987, Pages 65-83

https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(87)90045-0 Get rights and content

Abstract

The collision-generated spray flux was defined using formulas derived for the vertical distribution of the liquid water content and time of ship exposure to spray originating from the spray cloud induced by ship-wave collision. These formulas were derived using published data on a Russian field experiment in the Sea of Japan. The time-averaged water flux to an object (cylinder and vertical plate) can be computed for any given wind speed, fetch, ship speed and heading angle.

The runoff of seawater from vertically oriented objects located on a ship has been investigated. The ratio between the duration of moving water film residence on the object's surface to the time interval between two successive splashings of a ship with spray has been computed for several values of wind speed, ship speed, and heading. This ratio has been used to correct the time-integrated ice growth rates on elevated objects. The results are applicable for calculating the ice loads on a ship.

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Citation Excerpt :
The Arctic region is cold (the temperature is between −43 °C and −26 °C and an average of −34 °C), with strong sea-air exchange and high humidity (the relative humidity is above 95% most of the time). The icing formed under this extreme climate poses considerable hazards (Fukusako et al., 1989; Guest and Luke, 2005; Hay, 1956a, 1956b; Samuelsen et al., 2015), which has been a risk to the stability of marine vessels and the safety of the crew (Ryerson, 1995; Zakrzewski, 1987; Wold, 2014). Specifically, the hazards of icing include malfunction of communication antennas such as radar, antennas, masts and cables; slippery handrails, ladders, corridors or decks; unusable equipment such as power systems, life-saving devices and fire equipment; instability and loss of integrity of marine vessels.
Past progress in developing and application of anti-icing/deicing techniques on marine vessels is reported and summarised in this paper. Icing, especially sea spray icing, seriously affects the safety of vessels. Anti-icing/deicing measures are necessary for ships sailing in cold seas and ocean regions. There are more than 40 kinds of anti-icing/deicing techniques, including those that have been applied and are being studied. However, the applied measures often cannot protect vessels from the adverse effects of icing because of the changeable marine climate and the actual situation of ships. In contrast, the measures under development are more energy-saving and efficient, but there is still a long way to go before they are put into the market. The paper briefly reviews anti-icing/deicing techniques, along with the icing principle and icing models for ships. The existing problems of anti-icing/deicing techniques are analysed and some suggestions based on the analysis are recommended to obtain a better anti-icing/deicing scheme.
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Marine ice accretion creates a hazardous condition to mariners serving in the cold regions. Sea spray generated by the ship-wave interaction is one of the main contributing factors to icing. Numerous research has been conducted to predict the amount of spray and the distribution of icing on the deck of the vessels or offshore structures. The research includes field trials, physical model tests, and the development of analytical and numerical prediction models. This two-series paper presents a state-of-the-art review of existing literature related to ice accretion on vessels and offshore structures. In part one (current paper), the physics of ice accretion described in the literature is compiled to form a complete understanding of the subject. Various icing prediction models are critically reviewed. The paper also reviews the international codes and critiques the standards for ice accretion estimation for various types and sizes of vessels. It also contrasts rule-based icing estimation with the current trend in icing prediction models. The paper concludes by discussing some aspects of improved ice accretion prediction models to balance between class rules and research outcomes that may be particularly relevant for larger vessels and offshore structures.
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Marine assets including ships and offshore structures are subject to ice accretion while operating in cold environments. To assess the risk associated with the ice accretion and to understand the icing phenomenon, numerous physical experiments, both in full scale and model scale, have been carried out. While the first part of this two-series paper reviews icing physics and contrasts regulatory requirements with the current trend in icing prediction models, this paper reviews field measurements, as well as model scale experiments of wave-generated spray and icing. A database is also created to bring all the available data distributed in the literature into one place. The paper concludes by recommending new measurement techniques for spray and icing.

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^∗: Formerly with the Polish Academy of Science, Institute of Oceanology in Sopot, Poland.

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Splashing a ship with collision-generated spray

Abstract

Icing of Ships

Physical examination of hydrometeorological complex favourable for icing of ships

On the theory of spray icing of ships

Primary results and prospects for investigating hydrometeorological conditions favourable for icing on ships

Indicators for forecasting ship icing

On the approximation of the spray cloud dimensions

Shearing flow over a wavy boundary

J. Fluid Mech.

The ice accretion problem in Canadian waters related to offshore energy and transportation

Canadian Climate Centre

Report No. 85.13