The regulation of some enzymes of nitrogen metabolism—an introduction to enzyme physiology

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      MDA concentration was calculated by using the molar extinction coefficient of the MDA-TBA complex under working conditions (156 mmoles−1·cm−1·L) and referred to the protein content of the tissue (μmol MDA/g prot). The metabolic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) regulate the interconversion between carbohydrates and proteins metabolism, promoting gluconeogenesis (Banaee, 2013; Knox and Greengard, 1965). ALT and AST activities were measured using commercial kits from Wiener Lab Group (Rosario, Argentina) and following the manufacturer's instructions.

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      The higher activity of AST and ALT indicates provision of gluconeogenesis through aspartate and alanine for glucose production that may encompass to reduce drug induced stress. Knox and Greengard (1965) found that the elevated level of transaminase activity during stress would lead to increased production of keto acids into TCA cycle thereby affecting oxidative metabolism. As these enzyme activities were within the normal range, so it can be inferred that feeding FBZ and MBZ oral administration did not cause metabolic stress in L. rohita.

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      The present finding correlates with the earlier studies where high GS levels increased the serum proteins albumin and globulin (Alexander et al., 2011a, 2011b). Both the aspartate and alanine aminotransferase acts as a link between carbohydrate and protein metabolism by catalyzing the inter-conversion of strategic compounds like α-ketoglutarate and alanine to pyruvic acid and glutamic acid, respectively (Knox and Greengard, 1965). The pyruvate and oxaloacetate thus formed are responsible for the synthesis of non-essential amino acids like alanine, asparagine, glutamine etc. which in turn help in protein synthesis and hence growth of the animal.

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      The ultimate result is the addition of keto acids into the Krebs cycle. The increased levels of AST and ALT activity can be regarded as a signal for enhanced gluconeogeneis (Knox and Greengard, 1965; Rubio-Tapia and Murray, 2007). Because SCE decreases AST and ALT levels, it is acceptable that SCE reduces gluconeogenesis and can be further investigated for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

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