Light involvement in oxyfluorfen-induced protoporphyrin IX accumulation in several species of intact plants

doi:10.1016/0048-3575(92)90109-D

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Volume 44, Issue 2, October 1992, Pages 119-125

https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(92)90109-D Get rights and content

Abstract

Effect of light on diphenyl ether herbicide oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-trifluoromethylbenzene]-induced protoporphyrin IX accumulation in intact plants was investigated using five plant species which have different sensitivity to the herbicide. During 24 hr of dark incubation after 2 hr of shoot treatment with 1 μM oxyfluorfen, protoporphyrin IX accumulation occurred in buckwheat and barnyard grass. When the plants were transferred to light after the dark incubation, a significant increase in protoporphyrin IX content was observed in rice and radish. In contrast, protoporphyrin IX was continuously decreased in buckwheat and barnyard grass in the light. Buckwheat was most susceptible to oxyfluorfen and its phytotoxic effect was detected after 2 hr of light exposure. In the plant, it was suggested that dark-accumulated protoporphyrin IX was involved in the rapid appearance of phytotoxicity in the light. By the determination of the accumulation rate in the light, it was shown that oxyfluorfen-induced protoporphyrin IX accumulation was increased by light in all plant species. This indicates that light acts as an enhancer of the accumulation in intact plants. However, profiles of protoporphyrin IX were considerably different among the tested species. Protoporphyrin IX contents in intact plants and the degree of phytotoxicity by oxyfluorfen were not always correlated.

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Factors controlling the increase of glutathione (GSH) level by the photooxidative herbicides acifluorfen and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were studied in pea leaf discs. Light intensity had a significant influence on the induction of GSH by both photooxidative agents. Levulinic acid, the known inhibitor of chlorophyll biosynthesis, only partially prevented the induction of GSH by acifluorfen, but completely blocked the effect of ALA. The increase of GSH level by acifluorfen could be completely prevented by L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO), which is an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis. The GSH precursor L-2-oxo-4-thiazolidine-carboxylic acid (OTC) strongly elevated the GSH level in pea leaf discs, but no synergistic effect was found when acifluorfen and OTC were applied together. The known inhibitor of glutathione reductase (GR) activity in mammalian tissues, l,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU), was also shown to inhibit pea leaf GR activity in vitro, and to a lesser extent also in vivo. In contrast to BSO, BCNU treatments did not decrease the GSH accumulation caused by acifluorfen. The modulation of the cellular GSH level by BSO, BCNU and OTC did not significantly modify the toxic effect of acifluorfen exerted on the photosynthetic activity of pea leaf discs.
Differential susceptibilities of wheat and barley to diphenyl ether herbicide oxyfluorfen
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Wheat is known to be relatively tolerant to diphenyl ether herbicides. Growth and physiological responses of wheat to diphenyl ether herbicide oxyfluorfen were examined in comparison with those of oxyfluorfensusceptible barley. Compared to barley, wheat was significantly less susceptible to the herbicide with preemergence and postemergence treatments. The differential susceptibilities of wheat and barley to the herbicide were more apparent with postemergence than with preemergence treatment. The effects of the herbicide on causing cellular leakage, chlorophyll loss, and lipid peroxidation were much lower in wheat than in barley leaves. Protoporphyrin IX accumulated in both wheat and barley leaves treated with oxyfluorfen, in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the magnitude of the protoporphyrin IX accumulation was much lower in wheat than in barley leaves treated with oxyfluorfen at a concentration of higher than 0.33 μM. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase from wheat leaves was found to be less susceptible to oxyfluorfen than that from barley leaves. The I₅₀ concentrations of oxyfluorfen on protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity were approximately 0.2 and 0.06 μM for wheat and barley etioplasts, respectively. Whereas the inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase in barley etioplasts increased with increasing concentration of oxyfluorfen, protoporphyrinogen oxidase in wheat etioplasts was not further inhibited beyond 0.33 μM oxyfluorfen concentrations. In addition, both plant species similarly responded to superoxide anion-generating paraquat and to singlet oxygen-generating rose bengal, implying that the relative tolerance of wheat to oxyfluorfen is not due to protective mechanism against active oxygen species. Our results suggest that the differential susceptibilities of wheat and barley to oxyfluorfen are at least partly due to the differential inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase by the herbicide, and thereby wheat is relatively tolerant to the herbicide.
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Light involvement in oxyfluorfen-induced protoporphyrin IX accumulation in several species of intact plants

Abstract

Pestic. Biochem. Physiol

Pestic. Biochem. Physiol

Pestic. Biochem. Physiol

Pestic. Biochem. Physiol

Pestic. Biochem. Physiol

Pestic. Biochem. Physiol

Induction of tetrapyrrole accumulation by diphenylether-type herbicides

Studies on the mode of action of acifluorfen-methyl in nonchlorophyllous soybean cells

Plant Physiol

Accumulation of photodynamic tetrapyrrole induced by acifluorfen-methyl

Plant Physiol

Protoporphyrin IX content correlates with activity of photobleaching herbicides

Plant Physiol

Acifluorfenmethyl effects on porphyrin synthesis in Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. 6746

J. Agric. Food Chem