Retinoscopy of aquatic eyes

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Abstract

Retinoscopic refraction of an aquatic eye immersed in water is shown to be biased due to refractive effects of the air-water interface between subject and examiner. Ametropias in aquatic eyes are overestimated in retinoscopy by a factor of 1.34 for marine animals and 1.33 for freshwater animals. Future reports of retinoscopically determined refractive state in aquatic eyes should be corrected for this simple physical error.

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    Contribution of the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami.

    Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.

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