Microwave assisted organic reactions

doi:10.1016/0040-4020(95)00662-R

Tetrahedron

Volume 51, Issue 38, 18 September 1995, Pages 10403-10432

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An eco-friendly and energy-efficient protocol for the Heck reaction under solar radiation catalyzed by rice husk silica‐anchored cinchonine.Pd nanocomposite
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An environmentally friendly and energy-efficient method for the carbon–carbon bond formation via cross-coupling Heck reaction using rice husk silica-anchored cinchonine.Pd nanocomposite as a heterogeneous catalyst under concentrated solar radiation is being reported. In this investigation, first, silica nanoparticles were synthesized using rice husks as available agricultural bioresources. Then, the surface of nano silica was modified by grafting (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane, and after that, thiol-ene free radical reaction of its SH groups with alkene function of cinchonine by azobisisobutylonitrile initiator. Finally, the target nanocomposite, nano SiO₂-S-Cin.Pd, was created via loading palladium nanoparticles into the mesoporous nanocomposite by its reaction by palladium acetate, followed by ethanol reduction. The structure and morphology of the nano SiO₂-S-Cin.Pd nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The catalytic ability of this nanocomposite was investigated in the arylation of olefins in both concentrated solar radiation and conventional thermal conditions. A comparison of the conventional and CSR methods for C–C bond formation in PEG, showed that the CSR approach is a better alternative route with a high energy-saving strategy. The nanocatalyst is easily removed from the mixture and has been tested on several runs without a loss of catalytic activity. The heterogeneity of the nano SiO₂-S-Cin.Pd catalyst was confirmed by hot filtration test. This method has the advantages of simple methodology, easy work-up, high yields, short reaction times, and greener conditions. In addition to convenience, this technology improves product purity and offers economic and environmental benefits.
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The recent scenario has witnessed the augmenting demand for energy precursors primarily from renewable ways in respect of the natural environment. The high energy along with the cost-intensive nature of the conventional approaches directed the researchers to find out an effective and promising method that principally uses the microwave for the pretreatment. The formation of heat energy from electromagnetic energy through polar particle rotation would be noted to be the core principle of the aforesaid effective approach. The microwave treatments speed up the destruction of complex structure of the biomass by applying a specific range of heat over the polar parts in a selective manner in the aqueous medium. In this review, the implementation of microwave-assisted green approaches for modeling an integrated circular bioeconomic strategy to potentially use lignocellulosic biomass for bioproducts is discussed.
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In contemporary times, utilization of conventional heating techniques for the research purpose is not only taking a long time to attain the desired temperature but also requires the bulk of the reaction vessels, Hence, Microwave-assisted green synthesis is a better option as it is an inviting Morden green technology for small-scale pharmaceutical chemists. Recently, heterocyclic synthesis with microwave irradiation has become a potent tool in green chemistry, and an efficient and environment-friendly synthesis technique [39,40]. Microwave chemistry allows quick heating, can stress up to 20 bar pressures for reactions, and is environmentally impactful.
In the present study, by applying an effective microwave-assisted synthesis method for some new phenyl substituted 3-chloro 2-azetidinone derivatives, starting with methyl 2-(4-amino-3-iodophenyl)acetate were synthesized with excellent yield and in-vitro screening for antimicrobial activity. The microwave synthesis offers a shorter reaction time (20-45 min), moderate reaction conditions, high returns (81%-96%), and easier operation than conventional heating. Spectroscopic techniques like ¹H NMR, LCMS, IR, and ¹³C NMR analysis have been used to examine the structure of the newly synthesized compounds. All newly synthesized β-lactam derivatives (8a-h) were tested for antimicrobial activity against diverse bacterial and fungus strains using the broth dilution technique. Most of the investigated substances showed promising effectiveness against bacterial and fungal strains, with values ranging from 0.78 to 50 µg/mL. In contrast to the standard Ciprofloxacin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity, compound 8c demonstrated good robust antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger with a value of 0.78 µg/mL of concentration. The final targets were performed to the inhibition of DNA gyrase by molecular docking experiments to acquire insight into relevant proteins. The results of silico molecular docks coincide with the in vitro antimicrobial investigations and may be regarded as a good DNA gyrase inhibitor.
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Microwave assisted organic reactions

First page preview

Educ. Chem.

J. Organometallic Chemistry

Heterocycles

Res. Chem. Intermed.

J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans.

Chem. Educ.

J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.

J. Org. Chem.

J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans.

J. Org. Chem.

Tetrahedron Asymm.

Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun.

Organometallics

Synth. Commun.

Synthesis

Tetrahedon Lett.

Synth. Commun.

Synth. Commun.

Synth. Commun.

Pure Appl. Chem.

Tetrahedron Lett.

Chem & Ind.

Tetrahedron

Synth. Commun.

Synth. Commun.

Synth. Commun.

Synth. Commun.

Synth. Commun.

Synth. Commun.

Synth. Commun.

Tetrahedron Lett

Synth. Commun.

Tetrahedron Lett.

J. Org. Chem.

Anal. Chem.

Anal. Chem.

Anal. Chem.

Anal. Chem.

J. Environ. Sci. Health

Anal. Chem.

Wood Res.

Wood Res.

Polym. Prepr.

Polym. Prepr.

Polymer

Eur. Polym. J.

Polymer

Polymer Commun.

Eur. Polym. J.

Eur. Polym. J.

Polym. Prepr.

Eur. Polym. J.

Eur. Polym. J.

Eur. Polym. J.

Eur. Polym.J

Colloid Polym. Sci.

J. Chem. Soc. Farday Trans.

Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun.

Chem. Pharm. Bull. Jpn.

Chem. Eng New

Res. Chem. Interm.

Int. J. Peptide Protein Res.

J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.

Nature

J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.

J. Organomet. Chem.

J. Organomet. Chem.

J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.

J. Organomet. Chem.

Polyhedron

Transition Metal Chem.

J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans

J. Organometallic Chem.

Chem. Soc. Rev.

Res. Chem. Intermed.

Chem & Ind.

Rousell Tetrahedron Lett.

Tetrahedron Lett.